Esspresso beans

Chocolate-Covered Espresso Coffee Beans ... Indulge in the irresistible taste of roasted espresso coffee beans covered in a variety of chocolates. Indulge in the ...First created in 1975, this multi-region blend still serves as the foundation of our handcrafted espresso drinks in Starbucks stores around the world. The perfect melding of beans and roast reveals notes of rich molasses and caramel—a flavor profile so incredible it’s never been changed. Delicious on its own or balanced with milk.Usually, espresso beans are darker roasted, but there’s no one way to roast coffee for espresso. You can use the same coffee for both brewed coffee and espresso. Coffee ground for espresso is much finer than brewed coffee. BARISTA’S TIP: Most coffee shops serve espresso with a small spoon called a demitasse spoon. The crema on top …Espresso beans can be purchased from a variety of places. The first is the supermarket. Buying espresso coffee beans from the supermarket is convenient and often cheaper. However the trade-off is that the coffee is not very fresh. Coffee should be treated like produce, it is best brewed fresh, usually within 2-4 weeks of roasting.But the key difference between filter and espresso is that, instead of being pushed through with pressure, the water runs through the coffee grounds solely because of gravity. For this reason, the brewing process takes slightly longer for a different, but still heavenly, result. Oh, and because of all this, it also need more coffee grounds and ...Select between Medium or blonde roast. 9g - 11g = Solo 16g - 18g = Doppio When grinding ensure the grind level is set to fine. This will make for a latte or ...Welcome. Expressobeans.com (aka The EB Art Guide) is an art collector's community resource built and maintained by a volunteer staff. We provide a wealth of information about graphic art including dimensions, edition size, medium and technique, eBay auction tracking, past and current sales histories, price averages, and much more.The espresso beans are rich in caffeine, which provides an energy boost, while the chocolate adds a sweet and indulgent flavor to the snack. Each serving of Starbucks chocolate-covered espresso beans contains approximately 7 milligrams of caffeine per bean. This means that a serving of 10 beans contains around 70 milligrams of caffeine. …Read: Strongest espresso beans. Dark Roasts – Is A Dark Roast The Best Roast For Espresso? Dark roast espresso beans are roasted at 437F (225C) to 473F (245C) depending on which of the 4 dark roast profiles the beans are being roasted to, Full city, Vienna. French and Italian are the 4 roasts that make up the dark roast category.Brew a latte, cappuccino, Americano or other barista-style coffee drink from whole beans with the touch of a button. Philips 3200 series espresso …Mr. Bean, played by the talented British comedian Rowan Atkinson, has become a beloved character known for his hilarious and often silent comedic antics. Since his debut in 1990, M...Feb 17, 2023 · Espresso beans are roasted even longer than regular dark roast coffee beans. During the roasting process, roasters might even wait for a second crack in the beans. The second crack means the beans are releasing oils, which is what eventually creates that creamier, fuller texture when sipping espresso versus coffee. Aug 3, 2023 · The decaf Highlander Grogg is 100% Arabica beans. Arabica beans are higher quality and better tasting than Robusta beans (and naturally have less caffeine). Notes of butter, aged rum, and caramel, which is unique for a decaf coffee. The Swiss Water method keeps this decaf low-acid and full of flavor. If each bean is around 2.85 grams, a serving of chocolate-covered espresso beans (40 grams) will have between 84 and 182 milligrams of caffeine. This range is pretty wide — because the beans can be coated in more or less chocolate, and the chocolate may be milk or dark. If you’re buying white chocolate espresso beans, expect the low end.Good Reads. Buying Guides. Best Espresso Beans: Our Top 10 For 2024. We’ve sampled a ton of espresso beans and some of our favorites are …Butterscotch, almonds, cocoa. For those in search of local, organic espresso beans, Byron Bay Coffee Company is a great option. The coffee beans are roasted in small batches to ensure consistent flavour, and they produce a smooth, creamy espresso. The company also uses eco-friendly packaging, which is an added bonus.Lavazza Whole Bean are the format dedicated to coffee lovers who want to enjoy freshly ground coffee. Experience grinding your favorite blend at home. To obtain ...Item 1 - 10 of 10 ... Espresso Whole Bean 250gr ; Espresso Package Of 3... €19.60 ; Espresso Package Of 3... €20.10 ; Espresso Seedz 78-22 Blend... €6.40 ; Espresso ...Heat about one cup of water using the kettle until it reaches between 85-96 degrees Celsius. That’s the best temperature for espresso extraction. Get two tablespoons of ground coffee. Next, place a filter in …Apr 23, 2023 · The main differences between espresso and coffee beans are the roasting time, grind size, caffeine content, natural oils, and best drink use. Espresso beans are typically darker and stronger than coffee beans as they are roasted for longer at higher temperatures and have a finer grind size. Espresso drinks also have more caffeine content than ... Jun 15, 2023 · 2. Kicking Horse Coffee. – ORGANIC CHOICE & BEST TASTE. Originally from the rocky mountain highlands of Canada, Kicking Horse Coffee offers a decaf variety with a deep, full-bodied taste. These dark roast arabica beans are a perfect match with drip coffee machines to give you a top-notch cup of coffee. Select between Medium or blonde roast. 9g - 11g = Solo 16g - 18g = Doppio When grinding ensure the grind level is set to fine. This will make for a latte or ...5. Bean Hopper Size. Espresso bean grinders use hoppers (buckets) to feed coffee beans into the whirling burrs or blades. Choose a hopper size that’ll accommodate how many cups of coffee you want to make back-to-back. Bigger hoppers work for get-togethers, cafés, and offices.Feb 17, 2023 · Espresso beans are roasted even longer than regular dark roast coffee beans. During the roasting process, roasters might even wait for a second crack in the beans. The second crack means the beans are releasing oils, which is what eventually creates that creamier, fuller texture when sipping espresso versus coffee. Swerving off the beaten path. Adding a twist to this classic drink, Vaibhav Chaware, Head of Operations, Poco Loco Tapas and Bar, Mumbai, says, “Consider …Apr 23, 2023 · The main differences between espresso and coffee beans are the roasting time, grind size, caffeine content, natural oils, and best drink use. Espresso beans are typically darker and stronger than coffee beans as they are roasted for longer at higher temperatures and have a finer grind size. Espresso drinks also have more caffeine content than ... When it comes to comfort food, few dishes can compare to a delicious and hearty casserole. One classic casserole that never fails to please is the French green bean casserole. The ...The specific numbers are 40-75 mg of caffeine per shot of espresso, while regular coffee mugs contain about 85-185 mg. In other words, if you take a double shot espresso, you might even exceed the caffeine content of a single coffee mug. However, you can only take so much coffee or espresso in a day.The specific numbers are 40-75 mg of caffeine per shot of espresso, while regular coffee mugs contain about 85-185 mg. In other words, if you take a double shot espresso, you might even exceed the caffeine content of a single coffee mug. However, you can only take so much coffee or espresso in a day.Lavazza Whole Bean are the format dedicated to coffee lovers who want to enjoy freshly ground coffee. Experience grinding your favorite blend at home. To obtain ...Using espresso or dark roast coffee beans and a quality coffee grinder, grind enough beans to make one or two shots of espresso. (For a single shot, you'll need 1 tablespoon plus 2 teaspoons (or 9 ...Nov 13, 2017 · A standard cup of regular joe (8 oz of drip coffee) contains about 65-120 mg of caffeine, compared to a 1 oz shot of espresso’s 30-50 mg of caffeine. Espresso’s comparatively higher amount of caffeine-per-ounce has everything to do with its brewing technique and not much to do with the actual coffee beans used. This is about 4 cups of filtered pure coffee. The caffeine level in coffee beans varies depending on the bean size, strain, and roasting process. On average, a chocolate-covered coffee bean contains roughly 12mg of caffeine. Adults, therefore, can consume up to 33 chocolate-covered coffee beans without exceeding the safe caffeine level.Yes, you can use espresso beans in a French press. While it does make really strong coffee, it won’t magically make espresso, unfortunately. Making espresso requires a lot of pressure that a French press just isn’t capable of doing. French Presses can make a wide variety of coffee types, all of which we cover here in this article.Mar 10, 2021 · The main difference between espresso and ‘regular’ coffee is preparation. Espresso and filtered coffee come from the same beans, but the ways in which the drinks are prepared are vastly different. To make espresso, water is pushed through a puck of finely ground coffee at high pressure, a process that takes less than a minute. Espresso beans can be purchased from a variety of places. The first is the supermarket. Buying espresso coffee beans from the supermarket is convenient and often cheaper. However the trade-off is that the coffee is not very fresh. Coffee should be treated like produce, it is best brewed fresh, usually within 2-4 weeks of roasting.Are you looking for a hearty and delicious meal that is both satisfying and simple to make? Look no further than this easy bean and ham soup recipe. Packed with nutritious ingredie...Welcome. Expressobeans.com (aka The EB Art Guide) is an art collector's community resource built and maintained by a volunteer staff. We …Sep 13, 2023 ... Huckleberry Roasters' Blue Orchid blend. It's my daily driver because it's super consistent and is good straight or in milk drinks.The espresso process simply lies in the brewing – forcing hot water at high pressure through finely ground coffee. However, the beans frequently used for espresso usually come from regions like Brazil, Ethiopia, or Columbia, but blend variations and derivatives are not uncommon. Different Types of Espresso Beans. Espresso beans …The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf built a business on this signature blend. This Espresso Roast dark roast coffee comes in a 1lb bag of whole beans.Camano Island coffee beans are 100% organic and shade-grown, free of any chemicals and pesticides. It is not overly oily, so it is a perfect choice for super-automatic espresso machine enthusiasts. Expect the dark roast to be heavy and full-bodied, featuring hints of nuttiness, fruity flavors, and a bit of sweetness.Aug 3, 2023 · The decaf Highlander Grogg is 100% Arabica beans. Arabica beans are higher quality and better tasting than Robusta beans (and naturally have less caffeine). Notes of butter, aged rum, and caramel, which is unique for a decaf coffee. The Swiss Water method keeps this decaf low-acid and full of flavor. Koffee Kult Dark Roast (Best Overall) #2. Kicking Horse Coffee, Cliff Hanger Espresso (Best for Beginners) #3. Lavazza Super Crema (Best Beans for Crema) #4. Union Coffee Revelation Espresso (Best Roast to Order Beans) #5. 100% Hawaiian Kona Roasted Coffee (Eco Friendly) #6.LEARN MORE ABOUT YOUR COFFEE. Nutrition & More. INGREDIENTS. 100% arabica coffee. A Starbucks® classic and time-honored dark roast with notes of molasses & caramelized sugar that’s perfect for making classic espresso drinks. Try our whole bean!Jan 25, 2024 · However, some beans will produce a better result than others. For espresso, a complex blend of dark roast Arabica beans will produce a bold, balanced shot. For coffee, the most inexpensive blends may include Robusta beans, but the best flavor comes from high-quality Arabica beans. Experiment with a single-origin coffee, savor a balanced blend ... The finish is well-rounded and smooth, with lingering notes of cocoa from the addition of Sumatra beans. Clumsy Goat coffee is roasted in small batches, then shipped the same day so that there’s minimal time between roasting and your first sip. 3. Pact Coffee Bourbon Cream Espresso – Best Dark Roast.Beans for making espresso usually blend Arabica and Robusta, often dark roasted. They provide a robust flavor profile and stand up to the intense espresso brewing process. Also, remember that fresher beans result in better-tasting espresso. Look for beans with a roast date, and try to use them within a month of that date. Step 2: …Jan 20, 2022 · 2. How they are ground. Espresso beans are finely ground to allow as much oil extraction as possible to take place during the short period of pressurized brewing. Coffee beans are coarse compared to espresso’s ultra-fine ground. 3. Amount of natural oils. Espresso beans are rich in oil and have an oily sheen. Espresso Beans Demystified. What Are Espresso Beans? Espresso Bean Roasting Process. Popular Espresso Bean Varieties. Espresso Beans vs …Compared to other ground espresso beans in Australia, it is reasonably affordable– about average costs. The beans it uses are from multiple origins but are roasted locally in Melbourne. It is available in a single size, a 200-gram bag of freshly ground espresso beans.Usually, espresso beans are darker roasted, but there’s no one way to roast coffee for espresso. You can use the same coffee for both brewed coffee and espresso. Coffee ground for espresso is much finer than brewed coffee. BARISTA’S TIP: Most coffee shops serve espresso with a small spoon called a demitasse spoon. The crema on top …On average, an 8-gram single espresso shot will use 71 coffee beans, while a 16-gram espresso serving contains about 142 beans. For coffee lovers, the rich smell of freshly brewed espresso is the perfect thing to wake up to each morning. This is especially true if the espresso has been recently ground. It is essential to use the right beans and ...While a standard cup of coffee is about eight fluid ounces, a shot of espresso is only typically one fluid ounce. An espresso usually has about 63 mg of caffeine per shot (1 ounce), and regular coffee, in contrast, has 12 to 16 mg of caffeine per ounce. Hence a shot of espresso has almost three times the amount of caffeine.Nov 13, 2017 · A standard cup of regular joe (8 oz of drip coffee) contains about 65-120 mg of caffeine, compared to a 1 oz shot of espresso’s 30-50 mg of caffeine. Espresso’s comparatively higher amount of caffeine-per-ounce has everything to do with its brewing technique and not much to do with the actual coffee beans used. Lavazza Super Crema Espresso Whole Bean Coffee. $23 at Amazon. This Super Crema blend from Italian brand Lavazza is an Amazon bestseller (it has more than 74,000 reviews!) based on overall quality and taste. Many reviewers describe being completely “hooked” on Lavazza after their first cup.Good Reads. Buying Guides. Best Espresso Beans: Our Top 10 For 2024. We’ve sampled a ton of espresso beans and some of our favorites are …The source goes so far as to say that caffeine can actually help fight depression because of these same effects. 3. It Boosts Your Focus and Attention. Credit: Matilda Wormwood, Pexels. If you’re an espresso drinker, you probably notice that you feel more awake and aware after your favorite espresso drink.Good Reads. Buying Guides. Best Espresso Beans: Our Top 10 For 2024. We’ve sampled a ton of espresso beans and some of our favorites are …Item 1 - 10 of 10 ... Espresso Whole Bean 250gr ; Espresso Package Of 3... €19.60 ; Espresso Package Of 3... €20.10 ; Espresso Seedz 78-22 Blend... €6.40 ; Espresso ...First created in 1975, this multi-region blend still serves as the foundation of our handcrafted espresso drinks in Starbucks stores around the world. The perfect melding of beans and roast reveals notes of rich molasses and caramel—a flavor profile so incredible it’s never been changed. Delicious on its own or balanced with milk.Chocolate + Espresso = Perfection! G&H Chocolate-Dipped Espresso Beans are the perfect pick-me-up combination of dark chocolate and craft-roasted Grounds ...The difference between coffee and espresso beans overall has to do a lot with culture, so the age-old question espresso beans vs coffee beans can be looked at through a cultural view. • Speed. The other key factor in the variations of coffee and espresso is the amount of time each takes to process. Coffee comes in different …Brew your espresso. Add. To a cocktail shaker, add ice, then coffee liqueur of choice, then espresso. Shake. Shake cocktail for at least 15 seconds. Strain. Strain cocktail into a martini glass (or other glass you’d like!). Garnish. Garnish with a pinch of instant espresso or coffee beans.Join the Espresso Club™ and save. Start making café quality coffee at home with a premium De'Longhi espresso machine and fresh beans delivered to your door. After 12 months, you'll own your machine! Cost per cup: $ 2.32. Drinking 1 - 2 Cups Per Day. Build your Subscription.Oct 22, 2023 · Use Those Coffee Beans! Now that you know you can use regular coffee beans for espresso, there is no reason to stress over making your delicious espresso at home. Choose a great coffee bean that you will enjoy and make that morning espresso instead of stopping at the coffee shop. Dark roast coffee beans are going to be the best option to make ... The espresso beans are rich in caffeine, which provides an energy boost, while the chocolate adds a sweet and indulgent flavor to the snack. Each serving of Starbucks chocolate-covered espresso beans contains approximately 7 milligrams of caffeine per bean. This means that a serving of 10 beans contains around 70 milligrams of caffeine. …Best Versatile – Volcanica Dark Roast. Best Medium Roast – Kicking Horse Cliff Hanger. Best Italian – illy Intenso Espresso Coffee. Death Wish Alternative – Koffee Kult Dark Roast. Best Economical – Cafe Don Italian Espresso. Runner-up – Intelligentsia, Black Cat Classic. Best Value – Coffee Bean Direct Italian Roast.Hoosier Hill Farm's Dark Chocolate Espresso Beans are made from hand-picked Arabica espresso beans dipped in decadent dark chocolate. Shop now!Chocolate + Espresso = Perfection! G&H Chocolate-Dipped Espresso Beans are the perfect pick-me-up combination of dark chocolate and craft-roasted Grounds ...Lavazza Qualita Rossa - 2.2LB Bag of Espresso Beans - Authentic Italian, Blended and Roasted in Italy, Chocolate Flavour, Full Body and Intense Aromas. Whole Bean. 2.2 Pound (Pack of 1) 5,201. 2K+ bought in past month. $2335 ($0.66/Fl Oz) …November 28, 2023. There’s nothing quite like a perfectly pulled espresso shot. The crema, the intense flavor, and the caffeine kick. Pure coffee bliss... But even though it seems straightforward, …Mar 3, 2024 · 3. Black & White Coffee Roasters. Photo by Black & White Coffee Roasters. Black & White Coffee Roasters was founded on years of experience, passion, and dedication to the art of coffee. Kyle and Lern are former barista champions who drew inspiration from the decadent espresso they experienced at the competition level. Espresso (/ ɛ ˈ s p r ɛ s oʊ / ⓘ, Italian: [eˈsprɛsso]) is a coffee-brewing method in which a small amount of nearly boiling water is forced under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Originating from Italy , [1] [2] the French also made significant contributions via the invention of coffee makers , predecessors of today's ... Espresso Twist Espresso Beans. $6.99. Milk Chocolate covered roasted espresso beans. Chocolate with a coffee kick!Espresso beans are versatile. Read: make coffee with espresso beans. How To Use Espresso Beans To Make Coffee! Espresso roast beans, especially a darker roast like French or Italian Roast, are good as a multipurpose bean and can make all kinds of coffee drinks. Here is how to make a pour over coffee step by step with espresso …Mar 13, 2022 · This extracted caffeine is only a portion of the amount that is actually in the beans, so while a typical bag of Arabica beans contains 6 milligrams (mg) of caffeine per bean, when brewed this amount drops to roughly 1-2 mg of caffeine per bean. This roughly works out to a single shot of espresso containing 63 mg of caffeine. Espresso (/ ɛ ˈ s p r ɛ s oʊ / ⓘ, Italian: [eˈsprɛsso]) is a coffee-brewing method in which a small amount of nearly boiling water is forced under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Originating from Italy , [1] [2] the French also made significant contributions via the invention of coffee makers , predecessors of today's ... Espresso beans can be purchased from a variety of places. The first is the supermarket. Buying espresso coffee beans from the supermarket is convenient and often cheaper. However the trade-off is that the coffee is not very fresh. Coffee should be treated like produce, it is best brewed fresh, usually within 2-4 weeks of roasting.Brewing espresso is an art and a science. Unlike other coffees, you’ll actually need quite a bit of equipment to properly brew espresso. You’ll need fresh coffee beans, a coffee grinder, and an espresso machine. To start, measure out 15 grams of your freshly roasted coffee beans. For espresso, medium-dark roasts taste really pleasant.Announced last October, the $800 Espresso 17 Pro is a 17-inch, ultra-thin, 4K touch display designed to work in tandem with a laptop — Apple …Chocolate covered espresso bean caffeine content ranges from 10 mg to 14 mg of caffeine per bean. This means you can safely eat about 30 chocolate covered espresso beans in one day. However, it is important to be conscious that eating espresso beans, and drinking espresso are two different things. Chewing them, espresso beans …Flair NEO: Best Manual Maker. Nespresso Lattissima: Best All-In-One Maker. De’Longhi Stilosa: Best Semi-Automatic Machine. PHILIPS 1200: Best Fully Automatic Machine. De’Longhi Dedica: Best Machine UK. Capresso Ultima PRO: Best Espresso Machine, Canada. Bialetti Moka Pot: Best Machine Under $400.Espresso Coffee Beans Available Online — Merlo ® – Merlo Coffee. Espresso Coffee - A full-bodied, traditional Italian coffee. Warm and rich, with deep cocoa chocolate notes, it is the house blend of our Torrefaziones.LEARN MORE ABOUT YOUR COFFEE. Nutrition & More. INGREDIENTS. 100% arabica coffee. A Starbucks® classic and time-honored dark roast with notes of molasses & caramelized sugar that’s perfect for making classic espresso drinks. Try our whole bean!The finish is well-rounded and smooth, with lingering notes of cocoa from the addition of Sumatra beans. Clumsy Goat coffee is roasted in small batches, then shipped the same day so that there’s minimal time between roasting and your first sip. 3. Pact Coffee Bourbon Cream Espresso – Best Dark Roast.Depending on how wet they are, you may need to bake them a little longer. 2. Bake at low heat for an hour. Turn on your oven to a low setting, around 200° F. Put the baking sheet on a center rack, and let it bake for about an hour. You’ll know it’s ready when the grounds are lightly toasted and fully dried.For the most caffeine, try the lightly roasted white coffee. Espresso beans are typically roasted longer (darker) than the beans used for coffee. You usually brew coffee with light, medium, or medium-dark roasts. Espresso is made with dark roast beans, which is typically called an espresso roast. 2.Chocolate Moonshine Co.'s Dark Espresso Beans are covered in decadent, gourmet Dark Chocolate and perfect for anyone that needs a sweet pick-me-up.First created in 1975, this multi-region blend still serves as the foundation of our handcrafted espresso drinks in Starbucks stores around the world. The perfect melding of beans and roast reveals notes of rich molasses and caramel—a flavor profile so incredible it’s never been changed. Delicious on its own or balanced with milk.May 13, 2022 · 7. Size and Density of both Beans. When a coffee bean is roasted, it loses weight as pure threads of coffee are left inside it. Moreover, on the other hand, it makes them more prominent too. So, Espresso is more extensive and less dense than regular coffee beans. 8. The Caffeine Content in Espresso vs. Coffee Beans. Mar 8, 2023 · Espresso beans are very dark and are roasted longer than regular coffee beans. The long roast time ensures that oils are released from the coffee beans, which will result in the thick, full texture you recognize in an espresso shot. Beans that are roasted for shorter time periods create light, medium and dark roast coffee beans. Sep 30, 2023 · 10 Best Espresso Coffee beans. Lavazza Super Crema Espresso Roast – Delivers the Best Crema. Illy Classico – Smooth Espresso with Caramel and Chocolate notes. Peet’s Coffee Espresso Forte – Best Dark Roast Espresso beans. Purity Coffee EASE Dark – Healthiest Low-Acid Organic Beans. Death Wish Espresso – Strongest Choice with Caramel ... Chocolate Moonshine Co.'s Dark Espresso Beans are covered in decadent, gourmet Dark Chocolate and perfect for anyone that needs a sweet pick-me-up.Mar 13, 2022 · This extracted caffeine is only a portion of the amount that is actually in the beans, so while a typical bag of Arabica beans contains 6 milligrams (mg) of caffeine per bean, when brewed this amount drops to roughly 1-2 mg of caffeine per bean. This roughly works out to a single shot of espresso containing 63 mg of caffeine. The coffee beans selected for these blends offer a wide range of flavours to satisfy the most refined palates. Choose Lavazza quality whole beans for an unforgettable, barista worthy, coffee experience. Lavazza Coffee Beans are the format dedicated to espresso and coffee lovers who want to enjoy freshly ground coffee.Espresso (ess-PRESS-oh) is a full-flavored, concentrated form of coffee that is served in “shots.”. It is made by forcing pressurized hot water through very finely ground coffee beans using an espresso machine. The result is a liquid stronger than coffee topped with a “ crema ,” a brown foam that forms when air bubbles combine with the ...Lavazza Espresso Barista Perfetto Whole Bean Coffee 100% Arabica, Medium Espresso Roast, 2.2-Pound Bag (Packaging may vary) Authentic Italian, Blended And Roated in Italy 4.7 out of 5 stars 4,644 7 offers from $20.49In summary, espresso beans are coffee beans that are usually roasted slowly (18 to 25 minutes, depending on the type of bean) at a low temperature. The long roasting process ensures that the espresso is aromatic, low in acidity, and intense in flavour. An espresso blend that contains a good proportion of Robusta coffee beans spoils the palate with a …Chocolate + Espresso = Perfection! G&H Chocolate-Dipped Espresso Beans are the perfect pick-me-up combination of dark chocolate and craft-roasted Grounds ... | Cbflhlbmku (article) | Mopapy.