Grilling turkey

Place turkey, breast-side up, on a metal grate inside a large roasting pan. Place the roasting pan over indirect heat on the …As we’ve mentioned, different woods produce different flavor profiles that work nicely with turkey. Some of the most common choices include: 1. Pecan. One of the most common woods used in meat smoking, pecan provides an excellent combination of sweetness, smokiness, and sharpness to your turkey meat. A little more robust than a lot …Preheat a grill over medium heat to approximately 350 degrees F. Place the turkey breast skin side up in a deep sided foil pan. Combine the butter, garlic powder, paprika, thyme, salt and pepper together in a small pan. Rub the butter mixture on the outside of the turkey breast using a basting brush.Grill the turkey breast 1 to 1.5 hours, or until a meat thermometer reads the internal temperature of the turkey breast reads 165°F. Remove the turkey and cover with foil to rest 20 to 30 minutes before carving.Step 1: Brine Your Turkey. Place your turkey with the giblets removed in a brining bag. In a separate container, mix 1 cup of salt with 4 quarts of water. Pour this mixture over the turkey and seal the bag. Make sure to read the label of your turkey to see if it has been pre-brined already. Step 1: Indirect heat is essential for a moist, evenly cooked turkey. Create two beds of charcoal on opposite sides of the charcoal grate and leave a wide area open in middle. Place the turkey on a roasting rack set inside two large disposable foil pans and place the pan over the wide open area (indirect heat). Close the lid. Place the turkey in a disposable aluminum roasting pan, breast side up. Use a silicone brush to coat turkey with melted butter …Smother the turkey in the olive oil, coating all over. Dust liberally over the entire surface with the Hardcore Carnivore Red seasoning. Place it in the grill over the water pan, with the thighs/leg end facing towards the coals. Close the lid, and cook for 2.5-3.5 hours, maintaining a temperature of 275f-325f.Step 6. Lightly oil grate on hot side of grill. Using tongs and a large spatula to support the turkey, turn turkey halves over, arranging skin side down over direct heat. Brush turkey with chile ...Start cooking the turkey on one side, flip to the other side, flip again so the breast is up and the legs point to the back of the grill, and finish with the breast up and …When using a rub, remember to get the mix under the skin and inside the turkey. To do this, gently place your hand between the breast skin and meat and work the skin away from the meat with your fingers being careful not to tear the skin. Then massage the rub onto the meat going as far back as possible. This will season the breast meat …Set cooking grate in place, cover grill and allow to preheat for 5 minutes. Clean and oil the grilling grate. Place wood chunk(s) directly on top of hot coals. Remove rack with turkey from sheet pan and place on grill, with turkey legs and thighs placed closer to the coals.Grill with lid closed. Adjust temperature of BBQ to achieve 350-375F (176. 7-190C). Turn the breast 180 degrees after 30 minutes to bring the other side of the turkey closer to the heat (for even cooking). Depending on the size of the turkey, grill for a total of 45 to 60 minutes. Jul 12, 2019.Use roughly 1/4 the amount of sugar as salt. For example, a 20 pound turkey would require 20-30 teaspoons of Morton salt and 5-7 teaspoons of sugar. Also consider adding aromatics to the rub, such as crushed red pepper, to bring out additional flavors. 3. Uncover the Turkey and Refrigerate.“The important thing is to start with lean ingredients,” she says. “Chicken and turkey are excellent choices for grilling because they are lean—and a great ...Allow the turkey to rest for 15 minutes before carving it. The first step is to prepare the charcoal for the turkey. To do this, fill a chimney starter with about 50-60 briquettes. Then, place the turkey on the grill. Make sure it is positioned on the grate so that the ash drips away from the turkey’s breast.Grill or Smoke the Turkey. Prepare grill or smoker using hickory or pecan for smoke flavor. Cook turkey with the lid closed about 15 -20 minutes per pound for grilled turkey, keeping the grill temperature between 300° and 350°. A total cooking time between 3 and 4 hours total for 12- 15 pound turkeys. Use a …16 Dec 2020 ... ... Grilling · Air Fryer · Meat & Protein · Chicken ... turkey – We always find turkey ... masala turkey. My Heart Beets. Masala Turkey&nbs...Cooking a turkey is a complicated endeavor, especially because most people only do it one or two times per year! This can lead to many questions as to knowing when a turkey is done and safe to eat. A turkey is safe to eat when it reaches an internal temperature of 165°F. You can cook dark meat to a temperature of 180°F, but …Let the turkey sit at room temperarutre for 1 hour. Start the grill and set it to indirect cooking at 325 degrees. Melt the 2 sticks of butter in the microwave and add 1 tbsp each rosemary, thyme and sage. Place a few pieces of cold butter under the skin of the turkey over the breasts.Pat the turkey dry with paper towels. Place the turkey in a large baking dish. Place in the refrigerator overnight uncovered. I also soak the celery and carrots overnight in water in the fridge. Remove the turkey from the fridge one hour or so before grilling. Preheat your grill to medium-high heat, 425-450 degrees F.Heat oven to 450 degrees. In the bottom of a large roasting pan, add the cider and enough wine to fill the pan to a ¼-inch depth. Add half the onions, the remaining 6 garlic cloves and the bay leaves. Stuff the remaining onion quarters and the lemon quarters into the turkey cavity. List Steps. 1. Drying out the turkey is a common faux pas for beginners. A brine is simple to make — it’s just salt and water. You’ll want to use 1 cup of salt for every gallon of water. Soak your turkey in a brine for an hour per pound. For example, if you have a 15-pound bird, let it brine for 15 hours. You can also try a dry brine with ... This is because, at this temperature, the turkey will take about 15 minutes per pound instead of the typical 20 or so minutes. If you have a 15-pound turkey, for example, and you choose to smoke it at a temperature of 325℉, it will take approximately 3 hours and 45 minutes to finish. Depending on the size of … Step 1: Indirect heat is essential for a moist, evenly cooked turkey. Create two beds of charcoal on opposite sides of the charcoal grate and leave a wide area open in middle. Place the turkey on a roasting rack set inside two large disposable foil pans and place the pan over the wide open area (indirect heat). Close the lid. Step 1: Preheat the oven to about 325℉. While many people think that it would be much better to cook the partially frozen turkey at a higher temperature to maintain the time frame, this is not the best thing to do. This is because rushing the process of cooking by turning up the temperature can cause …Grilling Turkey. Turkey Grilling Timetable — Always use a meat thermometer to check for doneness. Bone-in turkey is fully cooked when the meat thermometer ...Instructions. Place the marinade ingredients in a bowl that is large enough to hold all the meat. Give it a stir and add in the turkey chunks. Use your hands or a spoon to coat the meat with marinade. Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 2-3 hours (or overnight).Grilling Turkey Wings: A Delicious and Easy Recipe. Grilling turkey wings is a fantastic way to enjoy a flavorful and juicy meal. Whether you’re hosting a backyard barbecue or simply craving a delicious homemade dish, turkey wings are a great choice for grilling. In this article, we’ll explore the steps to grill turkey …Preparing the turkey tenderloins for grilling: Preheat your grill to a medium heat. You are aiming for between 325-375 degrees for a constant 350 degrees. While your grill is preheating, drain the tenderloins from the marinade. Pat tenderloins dry with paper towels. Slather tenderloins generously with oil.Directions. WATCH. Watch how to make this recipe. Dissolve the salt and sugar in 2 gallons cold water in a large (at least 16 quart) stockpot or a clean bucket. (You can also add …Heat your grill to 350 degrees. Lightly oil the grill grates and when nice and heated up, grill the turkey on each side for 8-10 minutes or until nice char marks have begun to form. Remove the turkey now and place on a grill safe pan so you can collect juices from the turkey to make gravy with. Step 1: Indirect heat is essential for a moist, evenly cooked turkey. Create two beds of charcoal on opposite sides of the charcoal grate and leave a wide area open in middle. Place the turkey on a roasting rack set inside two large disposable foil pans and place the pan over the wide open area (indirect heat). Close the lid. First, clean and wash the turkey breast and then pat dry. Next, mix the ingredients for the rub. Set the turkey into the roasting pan, followed by the onions and celery. Then, add the broth to the pan and preheat the grill to 375-425 degrees F.Dry brine the turkey: 1 to 3 days before it is time to cook, dry brine the turkey. Mix the dry brine ingredients in a small bowl, then sprinkle and rub evenly over the turkey. Make sure to rub some inside the cavity of the turkey as well. Put the turkey on a rack over a roasting pan or baking sheet, and cover with plastic …Generally, large oven-baked birds should be left to rest for a full 45 minutes before you begin the carving process. Some smaller birds, however, may only require 30 minutes of rest prior to carving. If you smoked your turkey, then it only needs 15-30 minutes of rest. Turkeys that have been smoked need less time to rest because …directions · Spread each slice of bread with mayonnaise. · Put turkey, tomato and cheese on one slice of bread and top with the remaining slice. · Spread ...Place turkey, breast-side down, into the roasting pan and scoop seasoning mixture over top. Cover the pan tightly with foil and place onto the grill. Grill until no longer pink at the bone and the juices run clear, 3 to 4 hours. An instant-read thermometer inserted into the thickest part of the thigh, near the bone, … Purchase a fresh whole turkey or fully thaw a frozen turkey that will fit under a covered grill. There should be one inch of space between the turkey and grill lid. Turkeys weighing 16 pounds or less are best for grilling. Remove neck, giblet and gravy packet, if applicable. Do not stuff the turkey. Grills vary greatly. A 12 to 14-pound turkey cooking at 325°F will need about 2 hours to 2 1/2 hours of cook time. Cooking time may vary slightly due to outside temperature. Check your internal temperature. Slide a meat thermometer or digital temperature probe into the thickest part of a turkey breast. For a juicy turkey, shoot for 160°F. The internal temperature of …18 Nov 2022 ... Saran Wrap it with the seasoning and let it sit in a fridge for the day but pull it out about 30 minutes before you are ready to smoke it. Smoke ...2. Simmer the brining solution until the salt has dissolved. 3. Cool the brining solution to a temperature less than 40°F. 4. Place the turkey breast-down in a large container made of food-grade plastic, stainless steel or glass, or a brining bag. 5. Add the brining solution, making sure to cover the entire turkey. How to Grill a Whole Turkey. Step 1: Light the grill and set it up for two-zone cooking, establishing the temperature at 350°F. For added flavor, try adding a pecan or oak wood chunk to the hot coals. Step 2: While your grill is preheating, remove the backbone from the turkey with a sharp knife or kitchen shears. Sep 23, 2023 · Step 1: Prep the Turkey. Unwrap the plastic around your turkey while holding it over the sink to ensure that any juices will run down the drain. Remove the packet of giblets from the cavity of the bird and save them for gravy or stuffing. Next, use paper towels to pat the bird dry inside and out. fabeveryday. Microwave method. Place the turkey on a microwave-safe dish, cover with a microwave lid or wrap, and reheat in increments of 30 seconds until warmed through. Air fryer method. Preheat your air fryer to 350°F. Arrange the slices of turkey in the air fryer basket and brush the slices with melted butter to keep them …Insert the spit rod with turkey into the rotisserie motor. Start the motor and close the lid. Cook the turkey for 2 1/2 hours then check the internal temperature of the breast and thigh with a meat thermometer. The ideal temperature for a turkey breast is 160°F to 165°F and for thighs 165°F to 180°F.Directions. Step 1: Mix up the marinade. Lauren Habermehl for Taste of Home. Simply combine the water, chicken broth, soy sauce, lemon juice, minced garlic, ground ginger and black pepper in a large …Start cooking the turkey on one side, flip to the other side, flip again so the breast is up and the legs point to the back of the grill, and finish with the breast up and the legs pointing to the front of the grill. Easy enough but be careful. That gobbler gets hot. Thawing Tip - Allow 6 hours for every pound of frozen turkey.Aug 20, 2023 · Combine the burger mixture: Place the turkey in a large mixing bowl. Add the onion, mayonnaise, Worcestershire sauce. Very gently blend the turkey with the other ingredients until well combined. Make the patties: Divide the meat into 4 equal portions and form each portion into a patty about 3/4-inch thick. Since whole cuts of turkey can take as long as 1 1/2 hours to cook, wrapping them in foil will slowly cook them without running the chance of burning the meat. Remove the foil for the last 10-15 minutes to crisp up and grill the skin. Healthy dinners to kickstart your weight loss. $7.99 Limited time offer $2.99.Pat the turkey dry with paper towels. Place the turkey in a large baking dish. Place in the refrigerator overnight uncovered. I also soak the celery and carrots overnight in water in the fridge. Remove the turkey from the fridge one hour or so before grilling. Preheat your grill to medium-high heat, 425-450 degrees F.Grilling Tips. – Brush the tenderloin with oil before grilling to prevent it from sticking to the grill grates. – Let the turkey tenderloin rest for a few minutes after grilling to allow the juices to redistribute and ensure a moist and tender result. – Consider adding some wood chips to your grill to infuse the turkey tenderloin with a ...Preheat a grill over medium heat to approximately 350 degrees F. Place the turkey breast skin side up in a deep sided foil pan. Combine the butter, garlic powder, paprika, thyme, salt and pepper together in a small pan. Rub the butter mixture on the outside of the turkey breast using a basting brush.As of 2015, KFC does not sell fried turkey on its main menu. The fast food chain sells fried turkey for pre-ordering during the Thanksgiving holiday season. The every day menu from...18 Nov 2022 ... Saran Wrap it with the seasoning and let it sit in a fridge for the day but pull it out about 30 minutes before you are ready to smoke it. Smoke ...Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 12 hours. Preheat your grill to 225 degrees while preparing the turkey. Remove breast from fridge and pat dry. Mix together the butter, black pepper, salt, rosemary, thyme, garlic and poultry seasoning. Pull skin of the breast back and spread the butter mixture under the skin.16 Dec 2020 ... ... Grilling · Air Fryer · Meat & Protein · Chicken ... turkey – We always find turkey ... masala turkey. My Heart Beets. Masala Turkey&nbs...14 Nov 2017 ... They don't take long to cook at all, I think max is an hour and fifteen minutes for a six to seven pound breast and you can rest it for an hour ...Heat a gas or charcoal grill to 375 degrees F. Place the pan on the grill, and close the grill lid. Cook for about 1 1/2-2 hours, basting with the pan juices every 30 minutes. The turkey is done when a meat thermometer inserted into the thickest part of the breast registers an internal temperature of 165 degrees F.Directions. WATCH. Watch how to make this recipe. Dissolve the salt and sugar in 2 gallons cold water in a large (at least 16 quart) stockpot or a clean bucket. (You can also add …Microwave method. Place the turkey on a microwave-safe dish, cover with a microwave lid or wrap, and reheat in increments of 30 seconds until warmed through. Air fryer method. Preheat your air fryer to 350°F. Arrange the slices of turkey in the air fryer basket and brush the slices with melted butter to keep them …17 Nov 2017 ... Step-by-step instructions for grilling a turkey on your gas grill.For a smaller or larger turkey, see the chart in the post above. Make the Brine: Place the water, salt, sugar and rub in a stockpot large enough to hold 32 cups of water. Place on the stove over high heat. Cook until the salt and sugar dissolve, about 10 minutes. Remove from the stove and add the ice.Cover the grill and let the wings cook for 15-20 minutes. Turn them over using tongs and grill the other side for another 15-20 minutes. Baste the wings with your desired sauce or marinade in the last 5 minutes of cooking. Voila! Your perfectly grilled turkey wings with charcoal are ready to serve.Let the turkey sit at room temperarutre for 1 hour. Start the grill and set it to indirect cooking at 325 degrees. Melt the 2 sticks of butter in the microwave and add 1 tbsp each rosemary, thyme and sage. Place a few pieces of cold butter under the skin of the turkey over the breasts.In a medium bowl, mix the turkey, grated onion and 2 tablespoons barbecue sauce. Form 4 patties about 4 ½ inches wide (about 5 ounces each). Press a small ...Here’s a simple recipe: Combine these in a pot, bring it to a boil, then let it cool. Once it’s cool, submerge your turkey in it. Leave it in the fridge for 24 hours, turning occasionally. This process ensures your turkey absorbs the flavors, stays moist, and gets that delicious, smoky taste when grilled.7 Nov 2022 ... Place the turkey tenderloins on top of the grill grates on the low setting. *The burner furthest from the turkey breast should be on high. Place ...Two of the most common methods for grilling turkey burgers include broiling and grilling. Be sure to give the burgers a chance to properly thaw in the refrigerator before cooking. ...Step 4: Preheat your oil. Make sure your pot is completely dry and fill it to the premeasured line with your oil. Turn the flame on and let your oil come up to temperature. Use your long-stem thermometer to measure the temperature of the oil. You’ll want it to reach a temperature of around 325 F°.Instructions. Preheat your grill by turning all the burners on to high and closing the lid. Place the turkey on a rack in a roasting pan large enough to accommodate the bird. Remove any excess fat from the bird. Season the cavity with the sea salt and pepper. Stuff the cavity with the onion, lemon, sage and thyme leaves.A turkey burger is a ground meat patty made from turkey. It is usually seasoned with spices and herbs, and may also contain onions, bread crumbs, and other ingredients. Turkey burgers can be grilled, baked, or pan-fried. The turkey burger was created in the early 1900s as a way to extend the ground meat supply during World War I.Turkey crafts include making your own turkey costume and a turkey game. Learn about crafts kids can make to celebrate Thanksgiving. Advertisement Thanksgiving is one of everybody's...How to Grill a Whole Turkey. Step 1: Light the grill and set it up for two-zone cooking, establishing the temperature at 350°F. For added flavor, try adding a pecan or oak wood chunk to the hot coals. Step 2: While your grill is preheating, remove the backbone from the turkey with a sharp knife or kitchen shears.2. Oil the Grates: To prevent the turkey drumsticks from sticking to the grill, lightly oil the grates before placing the drumsticks on the grill. 3. Grill the Drumsticks: Carefully place the seasoned turkey drumsticks on the grill. Cook them for about 15-20 minutes, turning occasionally, until they reach an internal temperature of 165°F.Grill with lid closed. Adjust temperature of BBQ to achieve 350-375F (176. 7-190C). Turn the breast 180 degrees after 30 minutes to bring the other side of the turkey closer to the heat (for even cooking). Depending on the size of the turkey, grill for a total of 45 to 60 minutes. Jul 12, 2019.Transfer the loins: Remove the marinated turkey tenderloins from the seasoning mixture.Transfer the meat to an ovenproof dish and discard any remaining marinade. Roast: Place turkey tenderloins in the preheated oven and roast them until a meat thermometer registers 155 degrees F. when inserted into the thickest …Whisk in 1 cup chicken broth and bring to a simmer. Simmer 5 minutes and then remove from the heat and let steep like you do for tea. This allows the herbs and spices to infuse the injection liquid. …Grill with lid closed. Adjust temperature of BBQ to achieve 350-375F (176. 7-190C). Turn the breast 180 degrees after 30 minutes to bring the other side of the turkey closer to the heat (for even cooking). Depending on the size of the turkey, grill for a total of 45 to 60 minutes. Jul 12, 2019.Sep 17, 2012 · Start cooking the turkey on one side, flip to the other side, flip again so the breast is up and the legs point to the back of the grill, and finish with the breast up and the legs pointing to the front of the grill. Easy enough but be careful. That gobbler gets hot. Thawing Tip - Allow 6 hours for every pound of frozen turkey. “The important thing is to start with lean ingredients,” she says. “Chicken and turkey are excellent choices for grilling because they are lean—and a great ...Heat a grill to medium-high heat. Make sure the grates are clean. Spray both sides of each burger patty with cooking spray, then place on the grill. Cook for 5-6 minutes, then flip and top with cheese. Cook for another 5-6 minutes on the other side until done.18 Jan 2024 ... While grilling your turkey, it's important to monitor the cooking process and ensure safety measures are in place: Use a Meat Thermometer: Check ...Since whole cuts of turkey can take as long as 1 1/2 hours to cook, wrapping them in foil will slowly cook them without running the chance of burning the meat. Remove the foil for the last 10-15 minutes to crisp up and grill the skin. Healthy dinners to kickstart your weight loss. $7.99 Limited time offer $2.99.Grilled Spatchcock Turkey. Mix seasonings. In a small bowl, mix together ½ tablespoon of Kosher salt, and 1 teaspoon each of ground black pepper, onion powder, and smoked paprika. Season. Place your 15-pound spatchcock turkey onto a baking sheet and use paper towels to pat it completely dry. Then, use the …Flavor Profile. Cherry. Adds a light cherry flavor to your turkey, more delicate than other smoke flavors. Pecan. A medium flavor wood that will be more powerful than fruit woods, …Dr. BBQ: I always prefer charcoal as my main fuel when smoking or grilling turkey. Using all wood creates a strong smoke flavor in most backyard cookers, and gas just doesn’t add any flavor at all. Ok, great. Charcoal. But there are so many options…. Dr. BBQ: When choosing charcoal, I prefer natural lump charcoal.Mix all of the turkey tender marinade ingredients together in a medium-size low bowl including the olive oil, orange juice, apple cider vinegar, minced garlic, salt, black pepper, dried thyme, dried rosemary, and brown sugar. Add 1-2 lbs of turkey tenderloins to the marinade and coat the turkey. Marinade for at …Remove from grill. Pour smoked cranberries into a saucepan and combine with apple cider, orange juice and brown sugar. Bring mixture to a boil and lower heat to simmer. Mix in garlic, smoked paprika, salt and pepper. Continue to cook until desired thickness is reached, stirring often. Remove from heat and stir …directions · Spread each slice of bread with mayonnaise. · Put turkey, tomato and cheese on one slice of bread and top with the remaining slice. · Spread ...Place the turkey on the grill, cover and grill until an instant-read thermometer inserted in the thigh registers 175 degrees F, 2 hours 15 minutes to 2 1/2 hours. Let the turkey rest 1 hour before ... GRILLING INSPIRATION. BURNING QUESTIONS. BEHIND THE GRILL. TIPS & TECHNIQUES. Whether you're grilling your first turkey this year or you're a seasoned vet, we have put together this guide of useful tips and helpful hints to ensure this is your best turkey ever! Because of this, your turkey bacon can last in the fridge for up to 14 days past the “sell by” date that is printed on the package. However, it is recommended that you cook it much sooner than that just to be sure. If the package is unopened, it is typically good for about a week in the fridge and should be …The scientific version explains grilling as a fast, dry heat cooking method that uses a “significant amount of direct, radiant heat.”. Frying in a pan or griddle uses direct conduction heating while grilling is thermal radiation. Grilling temperatures can often exceed 260 °C/500 °F making this a fast cooking method that you must watch ...Instructions. 01. Place turkey directly on the grill grates breast side up and cook for 2 to 2.5 hours or until internal temperature of turkey reaches 165°F. Whether you're looking to spice up your Thanksgiving or just craving some delicious Turkey, we've got the step by step guide to grilling the perfect Turkey o... 2 Mar 2020 ... Turkey Cooking Directions · Place an aluminum grill pan inside the grill to catch the drippings · Preheat your grill to 300-325 degrees at ...Required Time and Temperature for Grilling Turkey. BBQ Grilled Turkey. Turkey Breasts (Bone-in & Boneless) Preheat grill between 350 - 375 Degrees Fahrenheit; Cook for 60 - 105 minutes, flip halfway through. Internal temperature should be between 165 F and 175 F; Resting time 15 minutes; Whole …Place the wings on the heated grill grates and close the lid. Let the wings cook for about 5-7 minutes per side, or until they reach an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C). Flip the wings occasionally to prevent them from burning and to achieve an even char on both sides. 4. Baste for Extra Flavor.Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 12 hours. Preheat your grill to 225 degrees while preparing the turkey. Remove breast from fridge and pat dry. Mix together the butter, black pepper, salt, rosemary, thyme, garlic and poultry seasoning. Pull skin of the breast back and spread the butter mixture under the skin.Grilled Turkey is generally healthier because it is not cooking in a pan and roasting in fat. The fat is allowed to render and caramelize on the grill, with the excess dripping and burning away. Using a drip pan under the bird is a great way to catch those yummy drippings for gravy or other sides like the stuffing while also …Smoked Turkey. For a smoked turkey, you want to aim a bit lower than 425 degrees. Instead, set your smoker to 325 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Within this temperature range, a spatchcocked turkey will take 10 to 12 minutes a pound to smoke. For most turkeys, that means at least an hour of cooking time, if not much more.Nov 13, 2019 · Place the roasting pan on the grill and turn the center burner to medium-low. Close the grill. Ideally, you want the temperature to be about 425 to 450 degrees F during cook time, so adjust accordinging with your grill. Grill the turkey for 2.5 to 3 hours, checking the bird every 30 minutes or so. | Cnsmdhohjjhmj (article) | Mwhxenr.