Mountain lion track

Mountain Lion hunts take place November – January when snow is on the ground providing us with the best tracking conditions. We use 4×4 vehicles, ATV’s or Snow Machines to look for and locate lion tracks. After a track is found the dogs are put on the scent to trail and follow the track putting the cat in a tree.Colorado Parks and Wildlife officials who track mountain lion encounters say it’s a function of more people moving into mountain lion habitat, and some of the increase can be traced to the proliferation of security and doorbell cameras. ... CPW says the state’s mountain lion population is thriving, estimating there are 3,800 to 4,400 mature ...Mountain Lion. Mountain lion tracks rarely show the claws. As with other cats, the front foot is the larger, and the toes tend to spread widely when the animal is running. The width of tracks varies from 3 to more than 4 inches, and can be much greater in certain types of snow. Front. Hind. Bobcat. Bobcat tracks are fairly distinctive. The three tracks in the upper right corner are cat tracks, including one that shows an imprint of a dewclaw. The rest are gray fox. 2. The tracks are mountain lion tracks. 3. The larger tracks are the front tracks. The smaller ones are the hind tracks. FWP clearly realized the need for better methods to track lion population changes and for a scientific framework upon which to base management recommendations. Over the last 25 years, FWP made significant investments in field research that had improved our understanding of lion ecology and the way lions interact with their prey. Mountain lion tracks resemble those of cats, but they are much bigger. Like all felines, they don’t leave claw marks in their prints and have four toes and a larger paw pad. Their tracks are distinguishable from other animal tracks and prints but can be mistaken for lynx, wolf, dog, or even jaguar tracks. Mountain lion … See more 8. Can mountain lions jump? Mountain lions actually have the largest hind legs (proportionally) of all the members of the cat family. This makes cougars great jumpers, able to leap from the ground 18 feet up into a tree. Their large hind legs also make them excellent at sprinting for short distances. 9. What do mountain lion tracks look like? Wildlife. Report Wildlife Sightings. Mountain Lion Reports. Confirmed Mountain Lion Reports. Nov 29, 2020 ... Reid Carlson, 11, recently happens upon cougar foot print and did so outside Knoxville.Tracks of the mountain lion are generally hard to observe except in snow or on sandy ground. The tracks are relatively round, and are about 4 inches (10 cm) across. The three-lobed heel pad is very distinctive and separates the track from large dog or coyote tracks. Claw marks will seldom show in the lion track.Legler’s tactic seemed to work. The video concludes with the mountain lion loping off down a rocky draw, where it fell asleep. The biologists were able to use the rope to lower themselves down ...New hunting, fishing and conservation license year began March 1. Buy & Apply. Download the 2023 Mountain Lion Hunting Regulations Download now. Current Quota Status for Mountain Lions Check Status. Find Harvest information for Mountain Lions Harvest Reports. Mountain Lion Identification Program Learn More >.Tracks by Lion video to see how this is done. Get tracks by date range 1. Drag the start and end buttons on the date selector to the desired date range. 2. Click the “Set date range and update lions” button. 3. The only lion buttons that are selectable are the lions with tracks during the selected date range. All other lion buttons are ...The Lion's Club is an international service organization focusing on preventing and treating blindness. Learn about the Lion's Club and how to join. Advertisement The philanthropic... The mountain lion is rare in Missouri, having been extirpated since the 1920s; occasional individuals wander here from other states. There are 3 lobes at the bottom of the heel pad. (Dogs and coyotes have a single indent at the bottom of their pads.) Each track is fairly asymmetrical. (Tracks of dogs and their relatives are symmetrical.) Many people approve. A pride of lions that mauled a suspected poacher left his head for investigators, but it’s still unclear who he was, or if he was a poacher at all. According t...Report all mountain lion attacks to 911. All mountain lion encounters and attacks, sightings in urban areas, property damage due to mountain lions or possession of a live mountain lion should also be reported to Arizona Game and Fish Department Dispatch 623 236-7201. Dispatcher is available for your call 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Report all mountain lion attacks to 911. All mountain lion encounters and attacks, sightings in urban areas, property damage due to mountain lions or possession of a live mountain lion should also be reported to Arizona Game and Fish Department Dispatch 623 236-7201. Dispatcher is available for your call 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Learn more Identifying Mountain Lion Tracks The mountain lion track on the left can be distinguished from the dog track on the right by the absence of toenail prints and by the “M” shaped pad. Mountain lion range map Mountain lions can be found wherever deer, their primary prey, are found. The are a Specially Protected Mammal in California and cannot ...The largest mountain lion ever to be documented weighed 276 pounds, but a lion of this size is extremely rare. The coat of the mountain lion is light brown in color, and the fur is short and coarse. The underside of the cat is white, and the tail is tipped in black. Variations in the color of the lion's coat have been listed as rust, apricot ...Mountain lions are solitary animals. They are active crepuscularly (mornings and evenings) as well as nocturnally (night). Adult males and females are only together for a 3-to-5-day period during breeding. Lions may breed at any time during the year, but most litters are born in the summer and fall.The West Slope Mountain Lion Management Plan, approved by the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission in September 2020, consolidates and revises 13 older plans into one overarching strategy that better aligns with mountain lions’ needs. This plan, based on the best available science, employs safeguards to prevent overharvest, focusing on ...To track a mountain lion, look out for their paw prints. For a beginner, it may seem difficult. But with enough practice, you will have a trained eye. A mountain lion is a very territorial creature. It will scrape dirt, grass, twigs, leaves, and other debris into a pile and then urinate it as a mark of its territory over that area. Other times ... The mountain lion is also known as cougar, panther, or puma. Body coloration can range from tan to gray and cubs are usually covered with blackish brown spots. Adult males may be more than 8 feet long (from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail), and can weigh between 130 and 150 pounds. Adult females can be 7 feet long and weigh between ... Mandatory reporting. Report your mountain lion harvest information onl i ne to the Arizona Game and Fish Department, or in-person or by telephone at 877 438-0447 within 48 hours of taking the mountain lion. You’ll need to report the following information: hunter’s name, hunting license number, tag number, sex of the mountain lion taken ...Puma, panther, mountain cat, mountain lion, mountain screamer, painter, catamount and, yes, cougar. This cat has a lot of names! Advertisement Did you know the cougar holds one of ...The mountain lion tracks are indicated by the red arrows. Compare the cougar's tracks to those of the coyote. The coyote tracks show the maple-leaf sort of shape of canine tracks, as well as an X …60 Mountain Lion Track Ct is a 3,194 square foot house on a 3.48 acre lot with 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. This home is currently off market - it last sold on October 12, 2023 for $425,000 How many photos are available for this home?Although not commonly seen, mountain lions are widespread throughout Wyoming. ... Mountain lion tracks look a lot like any other cat tracks, except they're very ...OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.8, Lion 10.7, or Mountain Lion 10.8 already installed. 2 GB of memory. 8 GB of available space. Some features require an Apple ID; …California has traditionally relied on collaring to track animals, but as scat dogs have become more popular in conservation research, the state with the largest mountain lion habitat is now ...ANIMAL TRACKS. The blood in the snow is what gave it away. As we followed the evidence on the ground, it was clear that the mountain lion had come upon the elk in the thick lodgepole pine trees beside the road to Tower Fall. The lion grabbed onto the rear of the elk, holding on with sharp claws as the elk struggled and ran.The mountain lion has the largest tracks of any feline in the United States. They have the same amount of digits (4 round digits) and the same shape of footpad also known as a carpal pad. The bobcat’s footprints are around 2 inches long and the same wide, while a mountain lion’s footprint is around 3-5 five inches long and the same wide.Expert trackers look for the following to identify mountain lion tracks: Three lobes at the bottom of the pad. Dogs and coyotes have one indent at the bottom of their pads. Teardrop-shaped toes. Dogs’ and bobcats’ toes are shaped like an oval. Between 3- and 3.5-inch-wide tracks. Bobcat tracks will be much smaller—less than 2 inches wide ...Expert trackers look for the following to identify mountain lion tracks: Three lobes at the bottom of the pad. Dogs and coyotes have one indent at the bottom of their pads. Teardrop-shaped toes. Dogs’ and bobcats’ toes are shaped like an oval. Between 3- and 3.5-inch-wide tracks. Bobcat tracks will be much smaller—less than 2 inches wide ...Our Locations. New Jersey 614 Progress Street Elizabeth, NJ 07201 Phone: (908) 354-7746 Fax: (908) 354-7491. Florida 2525 Lloyd Road Jacksonville, FL 32254 Phone: …The young stay with their mother for a year or more. Photo by Mike Demick. Page 4. Mountain Lion Sign. • Mountain lion tracks appear round, are approximately 3 ...Feb 14, 2019 ... Three lobes at the bottom of the pad. · Teardrop-shaped toes. · Between 3- and 3.5-inch-wide tracks. · No claw marks are usually visible, exce...The mountain lion is known by over 40 different common names including but not limited to puma, cougar, panther, red tiger, catamount, and screamer. Mountain lions inhabit diverse habitat types across California including temperate redwood forest, coniferous / deciduous forest, coastal chaparral, foothills and mountains. ... Mountain Lion Track Identification - A PDF version of this presentation can be found at https://gf.nd.gov/node/2221. Ditto for mountain lion. A mountain lion, like other cats, retracts its claws, so it’s tracks appear like a pie pan. They are at least three inches long and wide. You can see the claws of a gray wolf, and its tracks indeed resemble a really large dog. The wolf’s tracks are 4.5 inches or more in length and width.A mountain lion could be seen on surveillance footage walking through the Oceanside City Hall parking garage sometime between March 4 and 6, according to …The mountain lion is known by over 40 different common names including but not limited to puma, cougar, panther, red tiger, catamount, and screamer. Mountain lions inhabit diverse habitat types across California including temperate redwood forest, coniferous / deciduous forest, coastal chaparral, foothills and mountains. ...The skull of the cougar, also know as mountain lion, is massive; the canine teeth are large and slightly recurved. The heel pads of both fore and hind feet have three lobes on the posterior margin which are useful in separating the tracks of a cougar from those of other felids, such as the lynx. The dense and soft dorsal fur typically is tawny ...In California, several mountain lion populations are separated from each other by development and highways, causing inbreeding within the populations to occur; genetic diversity and connectivity is crucial to the survival of these groups. Released October 2019. California Mountain Lions is a web mini-series illustrating the nature of mountain ...To track a mountain lion, look out for their paw prints. For a beginner, it may seem difficult. But with enough practice, you will have a trained eye. A mountain lion is a very territorial creature. It will scrape dirt, grass, twigs, leaves, and other debris into a pile and then urinate it as a mark of its territory over that area. Other times ...Tracks by Lion video to see how this is done. Get tracks by date range 1. Drag the start and end buttons on the date selector to the desired date range. 2. Click the “Set date range and update lions” button. 3. The only lion buttons that are selectable are the lions with tracks during the selected date range. All other lion buttons are ...Expert trackers look for the following to identify mountain lion tracks: Three lobes at the bottom of the pad. Dogs and coyotes have one indent at the bottom of their pads. Teardrop-shaped toes. Dogs’ and bobcats’ toes are shaped like an oval. Between 3- and 3.5-inch-wide tracks. Bobcat tracks will be much smaller—less than 2 inches wide ...The cougar (Puma concolor), also known as mountain lion, panther, painter, puma, and catamount, is the largest feline animal in North America. There haven’t been any cougars in Tennessee since the early 1900s. Similar to Tennessee’s wild elk and buffalo, the cougar was extirpated from the state around the early 1900s due to overhunting and ...New hunting, fishing and conservation license year began March 1. Buy & Apply. Download the 2023 Mountain Lion Hunting Regulations Download now. Current Quota Status for Mountain Lions Check Status. Find Harvest information for Mountain Lions Harvest Reports. Mountain Lion Identification Program Learn More >.Mountain lions are not managed in Redwood National and State Parks, although biologists keep track of all lion observations, and respond to any reports of close encounters with humans. Mountain lions exhibit a range of behaviors that include, most commonly, running away at the sight of a human; "following", which is often interpreted …Dec 16, 2021 · A typical mountain lion track consists of four round-shaped toes, each equipped with retractable claws that are usually unseen in tracks found in snow. The front foot is larger than the hind foot, measuring approximately three to four inches in width, while the length of the track can vary between four to five inches. Mountain lion tracks are rounder than those of a canine. Lion tracks have three lobes on the heel and rarely show claw marks. Just like our hands, lion toes slant to indicate left or right paws. This stock …Expert trackers look for the following to identify mountain lion tracks: Three lobes at the bottom of the pad. Dogs and coyotes have one indent at the bottom of their pads. Teardrop-shaped toes. Dogs’ and bobcats’ toes are shaped like an oval. Between 3- and 3.5-inch-wide tracks. Bobcat tracks will be much smaller—less than 2 inches wide ...Feb 24, 2013 ... Track · Google Search · Animals. Follow. Mountain Lion Tracks. Photo by. palmchat. on. flickr. ·. Explore palmchat's 9627 photos on Flickr!Mountain Lion. Mountain lion or cougar tracks tend to be large—up to 3.75 inches in diameter. Look for four toe prints with no claws, and three lobes toward the back of the paw. (Canine prints, like wolves and coyotes, only have two lobes on the back.) A mountain lion print in the snow.Fred WallaceProfessional Guide & Outfitter, Owner. Call Fred today! 970-210-0951. or Email Us! Big Game Hunting in CO. Full Service Hunting Guides & Outfitters. licensed, bonded, insured - Colorado license #2448. Guided Mountain Lion Hunting ~ Cougars ~ Big Cats... Guided Deer Hunting.Mountain lion territory, San Diego County. Justin Dellinger in the field, for the mountain lion study. ... fixing field equipment and hiking the state’s hills and mountains looking for tracks. California’s mountain lion population is thought to be between 4,000 – 6,000. Because lion habitat has been reduced by human encroachment in the ...60 Mountain Lion Track Ct is a 3,194 square foot house on a 3.48 acre lot with 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. This home is currently off market - it last sold on October 12, 2023 for $425,000 How many photos are available for this home?Jan 11, 2013 ... Mike was able to collect multiple hair samples from brush along the way, but the bed site provided the best samples. MPG uses hair and scat DNA ...To track a mountain lion, look out for their paw prints. For a beginner, it may seem difficult. But with enough practice, you will have a trained eye. A mountain lion is a very territorial creature. It will scrape dirt, grass, twigs, leaves, and other debris into a pile and then urinate it as a mark of its territory over that area. Other times ...A species of mountain lion known as the […] WBRE Wilkes-Barre. ... So we look for a photo, we’re looking for scat, or we’re looking for tracks specific to mountain lions,” Keller said.Tawny, majestic and amazingly athletic, mountain lions (also called puma, panther or cougar) are native to California and at home in our rural landscape, including the parks. But by nature, they’re highly elusive. So, lion sightings are extremely rare, even for parks staff and wildlife experts. Mountain lions are also strong, skillful ambush ...In California, several mountain lion populations are separated from each other by development and highways, causing inbreeding within the populations to occur; genetic diversity and connectivity is crucial to the survival of these groups. Released October 2019. California Mountain Lions is a web mini-series illustrating the nature of mountain ...Mountain lion tracks compared to other animals: Besides checking the tracks: Mountain lion waste may have the presence of bones, teeth and animal hair. It is usually about an inch and a quarter in ...Jun 9, 2016 · One other thing to think about when distinguishing between the two is that the cat track usually shows a leading toe. Think of the fingers on your hand and how the middle finger is longer than the rest. On a cat, the toe that sticks out farthest on the track is the leading toe. On a canine track, both front toes are side-by-side. The Mountain Lion Foundation works constantly to improve mountain lion policy in the state legislature, through the Fish and Game Commission, county by county, in cities, towns and neighborhoods. ... BCN 2008 UC Santa Cruz to Track Mountain Lion Movements; Big Bear News Page 2005 Big Bear Mountain Lion Foundation …The mountain lion can be identified by several distinguishing characteristics. Its tail is more than half the length of the body, it has black tips on the tail and ears, and is primarily tan in color. ... Accounts continued into 1953 when an Oklahoma State University mammalogist documented tracks of a mountain lion southeast of Canton Lake in ... Explore the different tracks and see what kind of questions you come up with. That’s what we do! * Note that there are many more mountain lions without collars on them, than are those with collars. Also, below we have provided a map with the home range center of each collared animal to help you with determining which animals might be where. Meet Program. Colorado Springs, Colo. Mountain Lion Fieldhouse. NTS. Recap. Final Results. Meet Program. Hide/Show Additional Information For Colorado Running Company Mountain Lion Open - January 28, 2023. Feb 3 (Fri)Feb 4 (Sat)Fri: 5 p.m. / Sat: 12:30 p.m. at. The tracks are mountain lion tracks. 3. The larger tracks are the front tracks. The smaller ones are the hind tracks. Bonus: The animal was looking to the right. Note the position of the front tracks in relation to the overall direction of travel, which is …CPW encourages residents to keep reporting mountain lion sightings or activity near their homes; they can do so by calling CPW’s Salida office at 719-530-5520 or calling Colorado State Patrol at 719-544-2424 after business hours. Saturday night’s incident is the first reported mountain lion attack of a human in Colorado since Feb. 27, 2022.The Tbilisi zoo has a trio of rare white lion cubs. Learn more about the white lion cubs in this HowStuffWorks Now article. Advertisement It's said good things come in threes, and ...California has traditionally relied on collaring to track animals, but as scat dogs have become more popular in conservation research, the state with the largest mountain lion habitat is now ...Sep 18, 2018 ... Are there mountain lions wandering around your neighborhood or living near your favorite hiking trail? Can you tell their tracks apart from ...There have been 40 confirmed mountain lion sightings since 2002 in the state, according to the Wildlife Department. Osage County leads the list with seven, followed by Cimarron County with six. Over the years, there even have been a few mountain lions documented in central Oklahoma. Two were confirmed in Logan County (2014 and …Download this Mountain Lion Tracks In Snow photo now. And search more of iStock's library of royalty-free stock images that features Footprint photos available for quick and easy download.Oct 12, 2023 · 60 Mountain Lion Track Ct, Livermore CO, is a Single Family home that contains 3194 sq ft and was built in 1996.It contains 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms.This home last sold for $425,000 in October 2023. The Zestimate for this Single Family is $423,700, which has decreased by $11,668 in the last 30 days.The Rent Zestimate for this Single Family is $3,499/mo, which has increased by $293/mo in the ... Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Mountain Lion Tracks stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Mountain Lion Tracks stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and formats to fit your needs. Lion Mountain Trail. Enjoy this 2.6-mile loop trail near Whitefish, Montana. Generally considered an easy route, it takes an average of 1 h 6 min to complete. This is a very popular area for birding, hiking, and running, so you'll likely encounter other people while exploring. The best times to visit this trail are May through September.Jan 29, 2013 ... This is about as undeniable as a mountain lion gets. My guess is that the track was made in the evening, the day before I found it.Each organization provides an abundance of information on mountain lions in California and across the United States. Select any image to learn more about their study area, mission, and how you can help! ... Using GPS collars to track and document animal habits and movements. Learn more NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION: SAVE LA COUGARS ...There have been 40 confirmed mountain lion sightings since 2002 in the state, according to the Wildlife Department. Osage County leads the list with seven, followed by Cimarron County with six. Over the years, there even have been a few mountain lions documented in central Oklahoma. Two were confirmed in Logan County (2014 and …Lion Mountain. Lion Mountain is a prominent mountain in the Bambous Range, visible from Mahebourg and notable for have an abundance of native vegetation and stunning views of the southeast. There are a few different ways to skin this cat as there are two trails that lead to the summit – north and south. The two are best connected to create a ...The Mountain Lion Foundation, a national non-profit that works to protect mountain lions and their habitat, advises that people bring company on their walks, wear bright clothing, ask park ...A large cat resembling a cougar or mountain lion was spotted along the Manalapan and Marlboro border in New Jersey. Manalapan Police say an animal control …A large cat resembling a cougar or mountain lion was spotted along the Manalapan and Marlboro border in New Jersey. Manalapan Police say an animal control … FWP clearly realized the need for better methods to track lion population changes and for a scientific framework upon which to base management recommendations. Over the last 25 years, FWP made significant investments in field research that had improved our understanding of lion ecology and the way lions interact with their prey. The West Slope Mountain Lion Management Plan, approved by the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission in September 2020, consolidates and revises 13 older plans into one overarching strategy that better aligns with mountain lions’ needs. This plan, based on the best available science, employs safeguards to prevent overharvest, focusing on ...The cougar (Puma concolor), also known as puma, mountain lion, panther ... Light spotting may still be present until the cougar is two years old. Cougar track in ...Report lion sightings Mountain Lion. Photo by Jason Clay/CPW. As the Gunnison office continues with its mountain lion density study, there are ways the public can help. CPW would appreciate any fresh sightings of uncollared mountain lions within 24 hours. Sightings of lion tracks and recently killed deer and elk can also be a great help …Planning a vacation can be a hassle, but Viator makes it easy with plenty of options, helpful tips, and user-friendly filters. With Viator tours, you can find the perfect getaway f...Learn about the characteristics, habitat, diet, and behavior of mountain lions, also known as cougars. See photos and descriptions of their tracks, scat, trails, …Planning a vacation can be a hassle, but Viator makes it easy with plenty of options, helpful tips, and user-friendly filters. With Viator tours, you can find the perfect getaway f...Report lion sightings Mountain Lion. Photo by Jason Clay/CPW. As the Gunnison office continues with its mountain lion density study, there are ways the public can help. CPW would appreciate any fresh sightings of uncollared mountain lions within 24 hours. Sightings of lion tracks and recently killed deer and elk can also be a great help …Mountain lions are not managed in Redwood National and State Parks, although biologists keep track of all lion observations, and respond to any reports of close encounters with humans. Mountain lions exhibit a range of behaviors that include, most commonly, running away at the sight of a human; "following", which is often interpreted …Provided by Mark Hart --. Do not approach the animal. Most mountain lions will try to avoid a confrontation. Give them a way to escape. Stay calm and speak loudly and firmly. Do not run from a mountain lion. Running may stimulate a mountain lion’s instinct to chase. Stand and face the animal. Make eye contact.Mountain Lion. Mountain lion tracks rarely show the claws. As with other cats, the front foot is the larger, and the toes tend to spread widely when the animal is running. The width of tracks varies from 3 to more than 4 inches, and can be much greater in certain types of snow. Front. Hind. Bobcat. Bobcat tracks are fairly distinctive.The cougar (Puma concolor), also known as mountain lion, is the one of the largest cats in North America and a top predator native to Greater Yellowstone.(The jaguar, which occurs in New Mexico and Arizona, is larger.) As part of predator-removal campaigns in the early 1900s, cougars and wolves were killed throughout the lower 48 states, …There is no difference between the cougar and the mountain lion as both are the same cat called the Puma concolor. The Puma concolor has been called many names in addition to mount...The stride length of adult female cougars is usually < 40 inches. The stride length of adult male cougars is usually greater than 40 inches. Note: When observing tracks it is important to recognize that several factors may lead to incorrect conclusions about the gender of the animal making the track. Characteristics of the terrain – wet, soft, hard, etc.The mountain lion is known by over 40 different common names including but not limited to puma, cougar, panther, red tiger, catamount, and screamer. Mountain lions inhabit diverse habitat types across California including temperate redwood forest, coniferous / deciduous forest, coastal chaparral, foothills and mountains. ...Feb 22, 2022 ... In this episode of Montana Bushcraft, we return to the woods to learn about tracking mountain lions. Here, Joshua will discuss the foot ...Mountain Lion Signs You may never see a mountain lion in the wild, but you can find and interpret the signs a mountain lion leaves behind. Local conditions and the passage of time make accurate identification difficult even for expert trackers. Domestic Dog Dog tracks are highly variable but usually less than 3.5 in. (9 cm) in length and narrowerMountain Lion/Cougar Tracks in Snow. Mountain lions or cougars leave large round tracks approximately 3.75 inches in diameter. The four toes lack claws with a larger 3-lobed back pad. Cougars are reclusive, and snow is a great time to see their tracks. ©Download this Mountain Lion Tracks In Snow photo now. And search more of iStock's library of royalty-free stock images that features Footprint photos available for quick and easy download.Dr. Quinton Martins of True Wild, LLC founded and leads the program, engaging in the capturing and collaring of mountain lions in the region and conducting community outreach regarding mountain lion biology and behavior. IWS joined the project as a collaborator and is providing field staff and assisting with helping to develop project goals. | Cfybbef (article) | Murjbrlp.