Rockwool vs fiberglass

Install rockwool in the gap in the wall, making sure the edges of the slab conform snugly to the perimeter of the framing. If you need to cut mineral wool insulation to size, it is best to use a serrated knife and move in a sawing motion. Install the cover panel on the other side.There’s no drift in R-value. While Polyiso boasts an R-5 or R-6, it will likely lower over time, but with Rockwool you’ll see no expanding or contracting. It will stay rigid. In comparison, when using Polyiso you’ll need to implement layers because it will shrink over time. It will not harbor mold growth.Install rockwool in the gap in the wall, making sure the edges of the slab conform snugly to the perimeter of the framing. If you need to cut mineral wool insulation to size, it is best to use a serrated knife and move in a sawing motion. Install the cover panel on the other side.LEER has been making truck accessories since the late 1960s, and LEER fiberglass truck caps dominate the truck cap industry in both Canada and the US, according to Cap World. These...Fiberglass insulation is a solid choice for soundproofing. The fact that fiberglass insulation will absorb sound is exactly what you want. It won’t block/reflect the sound because it is not the correct material for that. However, it will absorb the sound. Quick tip; Using a thicker gypsum board will help the fight against sound.Mineral wool in cavities. When compared to fiberglass batts, mineral wool offers superior insulation. It has about a 22-37% higher R-value per inch. It contains 70% recycled material, making it a greener product than fiberglass at 20-30%. Mineral wool retains its shape better than fiberglass or cellulose.Materials shrink with cold and expand with heat. The thermal expansion coefficient indicates the extent to which this happens. Here are examples of the thermal expansion coefficients of a few building materials: Insulation: Plastic insulation: 50 - 70 x 10-6/K. Cellular glass insulation: 9 x 10 -6/K. Stone wool: 7 x 10-6/K.Learn the differences between rockwool and fiberglass insulation, two types of insulation that share similar heat resistance, fire resistance and soundproofing qualities. Find out the cost, installation and health issues of …Jul 27, 2023 · Thermal R Value. In terms of insulating value, mineral wool carries an R-value of just above R4 per inch, meaning that it requires 3.5” to achieve R15. It is an improvement over fiberglass, which carries an R-value of under R3 per inch, for an R13 at the same thickness of 3.5”. When space matters, mineral wool carries a slight edge on ... Rockwool vs. Fiberglass 1. R-Value. R-value measures the heat-resistance capabilities of insulating materials. For example, if a material has an R-value of 2, it can mean that a one-inch thick material has a heat resistance rating of 2. Further, if you buy a 3-inch thick batt do not forget to multiply the R-value with the thickness. Jun 16, 2021 · In contrast, mineral wool batts are a more modest 3.25, a value partially driven by the energy-intensive process of melting glass, stone, or slag in manufacture. GWP is still lower for foam products that use hydrocarbons as blowing agents: polyisocyanurate is 2.32 and phenolic foam is 1.54. Owens Corning 703 vs Rockwool. Music production is a sensitive process, and sound insulation is an important factor in in-studio music recordings.. Sound insulation prevents the outdoor noise and …Especially useful when installed in separating floors and walls between different spaces in a block of flats or office complex, sound insulation boards, or granulate can be applied to reduce the amount of noise intruding into a living or working environment. ... ROCKWOOL acoustic insulation is made from stone wool – an excellent material for ...Feb 10, 2024 · The General Comparison. To save time and avoid getting too technical, we won’t be diving into the detailed specifications of Thermafiber and Rockwool insulation. We’ve also done this because, for the most part, Thermafiber and Rockwool are actually the same thing. Both of these products fall under the classification of mineral wool insulation. Fiberglass has other properties which make it a lesser choice than mineral wool as soundproofing insulation material. Over time fiberglass can become compressed or lose its form, reducing its sound absorption ability. The same thing can happen to its thermal protection properties, normally quite good but subject to erosion over time.Insulation Materials Specification Chart from the NIA National Insulation Training Program. This chart provides the reader with material properties as typically specified in ASTM material specifications and is a guide to performance characteristics but may not be sufficient for writing specifications. This was created by NIA for use by …Rockwool insulation is more fire-resistant and has better sound-dampening properties than fiberglass insulation. Fiberglass insulation is generally more affordable and easier to install than rockwool insulation. Both materials have similar R-values, which measure the effectiveness of insulation.Advantages of Rockwool Insulation. Rockwool insulation comes with a ton of advantages that make it a strong contender in the insulation world, and people accept it happily. Here are some advantages of using Rockwool Insulation. Excellent Thermal Performance: One of Rockwool’s standout features is its …Rockwool Insulation Vs Fiberglass Insulation. So let’s see the other differences of Rockwool insulation vs Fiberglass insulation, 1. Working Principle. The working principle for both the stuff is the same, Each fiber of this stuff makes a pocket-like structure and traps the air in this structure.Rockwool is much better for bass traps. If the "Acoustic Felt Panels" don't have any data to tell you exactly what you need to know. Don't purchase. Fiberglass and Rockwood data is well documented. This. In fact, you should look up absorption data for ANY material you intend to you use for treatment.Aug 29, 2022 ... This is the short HVAC work video about the fiberglass vs mineral wool insulation fire test experiment. This is HVAC information for seniors ...Dec 13, 2022 · Install rockwool in the gap in the wall, making sure the edges of the slab conform snugly to the perimeter of the framing. If you need to cut mineral wool insulation to size, it is best to use a serrated knife and move in a sawing motion. Install the cover panel on the other side. Fiberglass is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fiber, it is less brittle, and its raw materials are much cheaper. Polyethylene is the most Common plastic. Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)nH2.Plastic fiber insulation is fairly comparable to fiberglass in its weight and efficacy. When installed to an R-value of 3, plastic fiber insulation typically weighs 0.0947 lbs per square foot while fiberglass batts weigh 0.0899 lbs per square foot and cellulose weighs 0.1331 lbs per square foot.Spray Foam. 4 /7. Liquid sprayed-in foam offers a high R-value and can fit in supertight spaces when it dries hard, providing a perfect air barrier to keep your home cozy. This option can be more ...Wool vs Fiberglass Insulation. Fiberglass insulation (the pink stuff) consists of superfine woven and compressed glass fibers that are produced in mass and cut into rolls or “batts” of insulation. By …Installation. Both Rockwool and fiberglass batts are cut to fit between studs at 16” and 24” centers. Rockwool is dense and rigid and holds its form when placed between studs; it friction fits between the studs. Fiberglass batts aren’t rigid and tend to slump inside wall cavities and must be paper backed.Synthetic mineral fibers are fibrous inorganic substances made primarily from rock, clay, slag, or glass. These fibers are classified into three general groups: fiberglass (glass wool and glass filament), mineral wool (rock wool and slag wool), and refractory ceramic fibers (RCF). Many workers in the U.S. exposed to synthetic mineral fibers in ...Fiberglass insulation—contains 40-60% recycled content, depending on manufacturer and facility. Slag wool and rock wool (the two types of mineral wool insulation)—contain 10-15% …Aug 29, 2022 ... This is the short HVAC work video about the fiberglass vs mineral wool insulation fire test experiment. This is HVAC information for seniors ...Mar 20, 2020 ... Roxul / Rockwool is also extremely durable and resistant to corrosion, and it carries a slightly higher R-Value than fibreglass batts. Mice are ...insulation installed between horizontal Z-girts is degraded significantly and only 30-50% effective for typical exterior insulation applications. This is only slightly improved from vertical Z-girts as less steel bridges the exterior insulation (i.e. 24” o.c. spacing vs 16” o.c.). This cladding attachment consists of two continuousROCKWOOL loft insulation helps to reduce this, saving costs and improving energy efficiency. Loft insulation or attic insulation is a layer of thermally efficient material that is usually installed between the rafters, and forms a barrier between the loft interior and the roof to prevent heat escaping. Usually available in the form of loft ...Dec 13, 2022 · People will often choose fiberglass over mineral wool because it’s much cheaper and still effective. On average, mineral wool can be anywhere from 20% – 50% more expensive than fiberglass. 3 This is mainly due to the substantial manufacturing process mineral wool undergoes. And the cost is a major factor for many, as evidenced by the ... The greater the R-value quotient for any insulation, the higher the performance of the material trapping thermal energy. The R-value of cellulose is slightly higher than fiberglass. Cellulose’s R-value is 3.5 per inch whereas fiberglass has an R-value of 3.1 per inch.Remedies for fiberglass rash include blowing compressed air on the affected area, application of a topical steroid cream, taking antihistamine medications that contain diphenhydram...Our ready-to-hang ATS Acoustic panels are built using the 2.5 lb/ft3 Roxul AFB, for solid broadband absorption in Type A mounting at an exceptional price. Roxul's AFB is also known for exceptional fire characteristics and resistance to sag over time. Acoustically Effective. Visually Attractive. Sensibly Priced.Foil-Faced Insulation. Loose-Fill Cellulose Insulation. While mice’s teeth are strong enough to chew through any material, they dislike chewing through thin aluminum sheets because its sharpness harms their mouths while chewing. Rockwool is a rodent’s favorite because it creates a great nest that provides …Both rock wool and fiberglass are easy to cut and install. But where rock wool offers up to 10 decibels of noise reduction, fiberglass provides a range of noise ...Fiberglass is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fiber, it is less brittle, and its raw materials are much cheaper. Polyethylene is the most Common plastic. Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)nH2.Sep 4, 2019 ... There have long been lingering fears about potential health hazards of fiberglass insulation, and it seems that rumors, misconceptions, ...Dana Dorsett | Jan 13, 2014 06:00pm | #3. In my neighborhood R15 Roxul costs about the same as high-density "cathedral ceiling" R15 fiberglas batts of equivalent R. The higher density of either makes it more air-retardent, and has real-world performance difference beyond the R13s in spite of the thermal bridging.A good way to clean a fiberglass door is to dip a sponge in a mixture of water and mild detergent, and gently work the sponge over the surface. Use acetone or vinegar to get rid of...Apr 22, 2023 ... Acoustic mineral wool insulation like rock wool insulation and Owens Corning are better at soundproofing a wall than pink insulation, ...The most common types of materials used for loose-fill insulation include cellulose, fiberglass, and mineral (rock or slag) wool. All of these materials are produced using recycled waste materials. Cellulose is primarily made from recycled newsprint. Most fiberglass products contain 40% to 60% recycled glass.ROCKWOOL Multifix™ mineral coated fiberglass faced low slope roof insulation. Multifix™ is a dual-density, mineral wool insulation board with a glass fiber coating for flat roofing applications, compatible with multiple attachment methods including self adhered, cold adhered, liquid applied and torch applied membranes. View product.May 25, 2021 · Fiberglass insulation is made of sand, soda ash, limestone, and recycled glass, whereas Rockwool insulation is made of basalt rock, slag, coke, and recycled Rockwool waste. Both are made out of recycled materials, with fiberglass comprising 30% and mineral wool 25-30%. One of the advantages of Batt insulation is that it is simple to install. Cement board exterior panels are a popular choice for homeowners and builders who want a durable and long-lasting option for their exteriors. These panels are made from a combinati...Foil-Faced Insulation. Loose-Fill Cellulose Insulation. While mice’s teeth are strong enough to chew through any material, they dislike chewing through thin aluminum sheets because its sharpness harms their mouths while chewing. Rockwool is a rodent’s favorite because it creates a great nest that provides …Acoustic absorption will do all of the below within the room. decreases echoes. lowers reverberation time. increases sound clarity. gives your room a flatter frequency response. prevents standing waves. Acoustic panels can be used to improve the sound quality of a room, by absorbing excess sound waves.Rockwool insulation is more fire-resistant and has better sound-dampening properties than fiberglass insulation. Fiberglass insulation is generally more affordable and easier to install than rockwool insulation. Both materials have similar R-values, which measure the effectiveness of insulation.It also contains between 50 to 60 percent recycled materials, making it an eco-friendly insulation material. Fiberglass has a lower sustainability rating than rockwool as it …When it comes to installing a pool, many homeowners consider fiberglass pool shells due to their durability and low maintenance requirements. However, some may be drawn to the idea...R38 insulation has an R-value of 38, which is a measure of its thermal resistance. Using R38 insulation can reduce thermal conductivity by 97 percent. The thickness of R38 insulation ranges from 5.38 inches to 15.7 inches, with closed-cell spray foam requiring the thinnest and blown-in fiberglass requiring the thickest. Insulation … Rockwool insulation is also resistant to moisture and mold, making it a good choice for areas with high humidity. Fiberglass insulation, on the other hand, is made from tiny glass fibers that are woven together. It is also a good thermal and acoustic insulator, but it is not as fire resistant as rockwool insulation. What most green pundits blame on batt insulation is the fault of fiberglass insulation. While Mineral Wool is also a batt, it is a completely different product with many different properties. It ... Insulation. Insulation Materials. Insulation materials run the gamut from bulky fiber materials such as fiberglass, rock and slag wool, cellulose, and natural fibers to rigid foam boards to sleek foils. Bulky materials resist conductive and -- to a lesser degree -- convective heat flow in a building cavity. Rigid foam boards trap air or another ... Both spray foam and Rockwool insulation have many benefits. Spray foam comes in two forms and is better at keeping moisture out. It also prevents any unwanted airflow. Rockwool comes in a variety of forms as well. It’s comparable to fiberglass batts, but denser, which helps to dampen sound.Rockwool Insulation Vs Fiberglass Insulation. So let’s see the other differences of Rockwool insulation vs Fiberglass insulation, 1. Working Principle. The working principle for both the stuff is the same, Each fiber of this stuff makes a pocket-like structure and traps the air in this structure.Apr 22, 2023 ... Acoustic mineral wool insulation like rock wool insulation and Owens Corning are better at soundproofing a wall than pink insulation, ...When it comes to transforming your backyard into a stunning oasis, one of the most popular choices is installing a swimming pool. However, with so many options available on the mar...ROCKWOOL loft insulation helps to reduce this, saving costs and improving energy efficiency. Loft insulation or attic insulation is a layer of thermally efficient material that is usually installed between the rafters, and forms a barrier between the loft interior and the roof to prevent heat escaping. Usually available in the form of loft ...May 26, 2023 ... Comparing Cellulose, Fiberglass, and Rockwool: Blown-in Insulation Breakdown · 1. Cellulose Insulation. Cellulose is often praised for being an ...Mineral wool is always preferred, despite the rantings of some Redditors. Not sure about the Thermafiber specifically but I’ve had measurably better performance with Rockwool. Regardless if its fiberglass or mineral wool, you'll want the stiffest board available for DIY panels. Owens Corning 703 or 705 looks good.Spray Foam. 4 /7. Liquid sprayed-in foam offers a high R-value and can fit in supertight spaces when it dries hard, providing a perfect air barrier to keep your home cozy. This option can be more ...funded by fiberglass, rockwool, cellulose and other building material manufacturers. • Typically, glass fiber batts have equivalent or better STC acoustical performance than nominal equivalent ... NRC Research compared various Thickness of Mineral Wool Batts with 89mm Fiber Glass Batts in 406mm o.c., 92mm Steel Stud Wall Assemblies with 5/8 ...May 26, 2023 ... Comparing Cellulose, Fiberglass, and Rockwool: Blown-in Insulation Breakdown · 1. Cellulose Insulation. Cellulose is often praised for being an ...May 19, 2021 ... I got a letter from the Executive Vice President and General Counsel of NAIMA which is the North American Insulation Manufacturers ...That value depends on how much space the insulation covers. A 2×4-inch application of Rockwool has an R-value between 13 and 15. A larger surface area of 2×6 inches increases the R-value between 21 and 23. For 2×8-inch areas, the R-value is 30 to 32. Areas of insulation that are over 2×10 inches have an R-value …Advertisement Follow these steps to remove coffee stains from Acetate, Fiberglass, Rayon, and Triacetate: If a stain remains: Advertisement Please copy/paste the following text to ...Mar 7, 2023 ... Mineral wool vs fiberglass insulation | everything you need to know ... 7 reasons I used Rockwool insulation at my house. Matt Risinger•815K ...The most common types of materials used for loose-fill insulation include cellulose, fiberglass, and mineral (rock or slag) wool. All of these materials are produced using recycled waste materials. Cellulose is primarily made from recycled newsprint. Most fiberglass products contain 40% to 60% recycled glass.Sep 4, 2019 ... There have long been lingering fears about potential health hazards of fiberglass insulation, and it seems that rumors, misconceptions, ...Rockwool Vs Fiberglass: Installation. Mineral wool and fiberglass are both easy to install, yet fiberglass is a bit easier. Fiberglass is relatively lower in terms of density which means it is much more versatile compared to mineral wool. Physically, it is malleable and light, making it easier to cut and fit in almost all shapes of surfaces.Rockwool vs Fiberglass. Rockwool insulation vs fiberglass is a common question among our users. Although they are both excellent insulators there are a few differences which explains why mineral wool is becoming more prominent nowadays. With a R-value per inch going from 3 to 3.3 for rock-wool insulation compared to 2.2 to 2.7 for fiberglass.Jun 15, 2021 ... Check out IDI: https://www.idi-insulation.com/ Link to SPFA: https://www.sprayfoam.org/SPFA_techdocs Follow Matt on Instagram!Mineral Wool Vs Fiberglass: Common Applications. Fiberglass gets the upper hand in terms of usability. As mentioned, it is physically elastic and light and therefore fits on almost all surfaces, including uneven areas. Fiberglass is commonly used to insulate exterior and interior walls, ceilings, basements, garages and attics. Loose-fill ...Mineral wool is always preferred, despite the rantings of some Redditors. Not sure about the Thermafiber specifically but I’ve had measurably better performance with Rockwool. Regardless if its fiberglass or mineral wool, you'll want the stiffest board available for DIY panels. Owens Corning 703 or 705 looks good.Insulation Materials Specification Chart from the NIA National Insulation Training Program. This chart provides the reader with material properties as typically specified in ASTM material specifications and is a guide to performance characteristics but may not be sufficient for writing specifications. This was created by NIA for use by …The ROCKWOOL U-value calculator is backed up by around 2,500 pre-determined calculations which show the overall performance of a wall assembly, or floor and roof build-ups featuring ROCKWOOL insulation solutions. To use the U-value calculator, simply visit the tool and begin by selecting your application. Follow the on-screen prompts to enter ...Jul 4, 2022 ... Comments1 ; Testing The Burn Ability Of Insulation In Wall. post 10 · 2.3M views ; Mineral wool vs fiberglass insulation | everything you need to ...Advertisement Follow these steps to remove coffee stains from Acetate, Fiberglass, Rayon, and Triacetate: If a stain remains: Advertisement Please copy/paste the following text to ...Cons. Denim insulation is more expensive than fiberglass insulation; on average, it costs about 10- to 50-percent more than fiberglass. One pallet of R-13 denim insulation, covering a total of 16,740 square inches, costs about $824. One pallet of comparably sized R-13 fiberglass insulation costs about $750.Nov 16, 2022 · The R-value of a batt of insulation is calculated by multiplying its thickness with the R-value per inch of the Rockwool material. For example: Taking 3.65 as the R-value per inch, a 5.2 inch thick Rockwool batt has an R-value of 19 (3.65 x 5.2 = 19 approximately). Ref: Insulation thickness calculator. Table of Contents. MLV is rated using sound transmission loss (STC) whereas fiberglass and rockwool are rated using sound absorption coefficients. MLV is a sound ...The glass in fiberglass is actually what makes it so itchy to the touch. There is the possibility it irritates your eyes, nose, mouth, and respiratory system, if exposed in large enough quantities. Though fiberglass is among the cheapest insulation options, it has some downsides. First, fiberglass isn’t resistant to moisture in the slightest. Rockwool is more expensive than fiberglass. Fiberglass costs around $0.50 per square foot ($5 per square meter). Rockwool is valued at ~ $1.3 per square feet ($13 per square meter) on the market. When it comes to price, you need to consider the area you want to soundproof and its purpose. Rockwool is denser and does a better proofing job. Jan 30, 2021 ... It seems so far that Fiberglass is cheap but not as good as the other types, ... Rockwool and Fibran. And ... compared to Superwool Plus or Rockwool ...Learn the differences between rockwool and fiberglass insulation, two types of insulation that share similar heat resistance, fire resistance and soundproofing qualities. Find out the cost, installation and health issues of …Mar 7, 2022 · There are many types of insulation in the market. The two most popular types are mineral wool and fiberglass insulation. Fiberglass insulation is more expensive than mineral wool, but it has a higher R-value. Mineral wool is cheaper than fiberglass and is effective at trapping air in the walls of houses. The difference between these two types ... ROCKWOOL is a company that manufactures stone wool insulation. Also known as mineral wool, stone wool is created by spinning molten rock and minerals with steel slag to create a cotton-candy-like wool product. Pressed into rolls and sheets, stone wool creates incredibly effective insulation with sound-absorbing and fire-resistant properties.Feb 9, 2023 ... Member ... A rule of thumb; when using rockwool you need twice the density compared to glassfiber. To attenuate sound you either want to block it ...A couple things need to be altered slightly from the typical blown-in cellulose installation. Mineral wool should be installed from a hole about three-quarters of the way up in the cavity. The weight of the mineral wool is slightly heavier than cellulose, and having the higher install point puts gravity in your favor.I have read that using the cheapest fiberglass will give the same result as roxul safe and sound and it has been recommended to use R19 fiberglass. In my area roxul at one layer and R19 is a $30 …Mar 30, 2016 ... Mineral wool by nature is stronger and DENSER since it is “ROCK” SLAG. The Lamba the ability to retain HEAT is a bit better lets say give ...Sheep’s wool insulation, available in rolls and batts, is easy and pleasant to use. It is ideal for loft spaces and between timber studwork. Cellulose insulation is a loose-fill material, made from recycled newspaper. It is commonly used in loft space and can also be employed in studwork. It has the benefit of easily filling nooks and ...Owens Corning 703 comes in 24” wide by 48” tall boards, in 1, 2, and 4 inch thick panels. Just like the best mineral wool insulation, you’ll want thicker fiberglass boards for better low frequency acoustic performance. For example, at 125 Hz the 1” boards have a SAC of 0.11 while the 4” boards come in at 0.84.Nov 16, 2022 · The R-value of a batt of insulation is calculated by multiplying its thickness with the R-value per inch of the Rockwool material. For example: Taking 3.65 as the R-value per inch, a 5.2 inch thick Rockwool batt has an R-value of 19 (3.65 x 5.2 = 19 approximately). Ref: Insulation thickness calculator. Table of Contents. The most common types of materials used for loose-fill insulation include cellulose, fiberglass, and mineral (rock or slag) wool. All of these materials are produced using recycled waste materials. Cellulose is primarily made from recycled newsprint. Most fiberglass products contain 40% to 60% recycled glass.Rock-wool insulation for the same wall cost about $1.06 per square foot. That’s a significant difference, especially if you’re insulating an entire house or large addition. However, in most cases, you’ll recoup the additional cost through lower energy bills, because, while fiberglass insulation has an R-value of 19, rock wool has an R ...It also contains between 50 to 60 percent recycled materials, making it an eco-friendly insulation material. Fiberglass has a lower sustainability rating than rockwool as it …Durable and flexible, our acoustic insulation boardscan be fitted to walls, floors and ceilings – or installed in roofs and façades. Reduce noise between properties within the same dwelling, adjacent properties, or from the outside environment, for …Mineral stone wool insulation batts are slightly better insulators than the off-the-shelf fiberglass batts sold at most lumberyards and home centers. Mineral wool batts for 2×4 walls have an R-value of 15, while a standard fiberglass batt made to fit in a 2×4 wall has an R-value of 11 or 13. However, you can special-order R-15 high-density ...Synthetic mineral fibers are fibrous inorganic substances made primarily from rock, clay, slag, or glass. These fibers are classified into three general groups: fiberglass (glass wool and glass filament), mineral wool (rock wool and slag wool), and refractory ceramic fibers (RCF). Many workers in the U.S. exposed to synthetic mineral fibers in ...LEER has been making truck accessories since the late 1960s, and LEER fiberglass truck caps dominate the truck cap industry in both Canada and the US, according to Cap World. These...Obviously, rock wool is better than fiberglass, but does it worth to take the "unknown/ not yet proofed " risk? Yes. Because it gets entombed beneath sheetrock or plaster.Cost of Cellulose vs Fiberglass. Loose-fill cellulose typically costs about $0.50 to $1 per square foot, damp-spray cellulose costs about $0.60 to $1.80 per square foot of wall space, and Dense-packed cellulose often costs $2 to $2.25 per square foot, whereas Fiberglass insulation typically costs $0.30 to $1.50 per square foot. | Cvlkdexpi (article) | Mspxcxcn.