The term doing gender can be defined as quizlet

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Antamoical and biological distinctions between males and females are defined as one's gender, An example of gender identiy is an inner sense of being a male or female, People described as cisgender are those whose gender identity and gender expression correspond to their …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What group defines themselves through a rejection of the mainstream: - Beatniks - Hepcats - Hipsters - Hippies, Society and culture _____. - Could not exist without each other - Are unrelated - Are the same thing - Could not exist together, Elise travels across …The notion of “doing gender” is a key explanatory mechanism invoked by Chafetz (1990) in her theory explaining the links between macro- and micro-level gender …Gender refers to the social processes that fit us into the highly distinct (though falsely so) categories we have named male and female. Gender involves action and agency. West and Zimmerman (1987) refer to this as “doing gender.”. Gender can come from either individual actions or institutional structures or systems.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The term sexuality is defined by the text as:, Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After World War II, changes in the family structure … 5) Bi-gender. Transsexual. Person who identifies oneself as member of opp biological sex. * usually feels that BOTH true sex and gender identity don't match one's assigned/ bio. sex. * May be of any sex orientation. Androgynous. * Gender identity may incorporate aspects of both genders or neither. * refers to ppl who don't fit easily into one ... The term doing gender can be defined as: A. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a ...Sep 25, 2019 · DOI: 10.1177/0891243287001002002. West and Zimmerman’s now-classical paper defining gender as “a routine accomplishment embedded in everyday interaction” and focused on “doing difference.”. A paradigm shift for understanding the dynamics of how gender is naturalized according to social norms in daily interactions. 12.2 Gender. Children become aware of gender roles in their earliest years, and they come to understand and perform these roles. through socialization, which occurs through four major agents: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Socialization into narrowly prescribed gender roles results in the stratification of …•evolutionary theories •brain research (brain plasticity+mutability) -female and male brains are different, but females can train their brains! • hormone research (feedback loop)-people act because of hormones (everyone has estrogen and testosterone) • genetics (sex linked, sex limited, sex influenced traits) -genotype: our unique set of genes. ...gender identity. Our deeply held, internal sense of self as masculine, feminine, a blend of both, neither, or something else. Identity also includes the name we use to convey our gender. Gender________ can correspond to, or differ from the sex we are assigned at birth. The language a person uses to communicate their gender _____ can evolve and ... West and Zimmerman's definition of gender is a sociological one which relies on codes and conventions that are at the foundation of everyday activities. "doing gender" means to perform complex societal activities of perception, interaction and of micropolitics which define certain activities and pursuits and either masculine or feminine. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the terms masculine and feminine refer to a person's --. a. sex b. gender c. sex and gender d. none of the above, -- is/are an individual's self conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles. a. gender identity b. gender bias c. sexual …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How do the authors define gender? Is this a social constructionist or essentialist argument? How do you know?, According to the authors, if we observe an individual "doing gender" (or doing gender incorrectly), how do we interpret her/his actions? Why?, What lessons do the authors …3 primary premises of the symbolic interaction theory. 1. Our actions are based on the meaning we give to situations, events, people, etc. An individual develops a self that has two parts. The "me" that consists of objective qualities and the "I" that is the subjective awareness of self. "Doing gender" is the work of ascribing gender difference through supposed or fabricated "essential" biological difference. • Gender is routinized, meaning there is orthodoxy to "gender behaviors" that is taken as normal, taken to mean there is an "essence" to gender • "Doing gender" makes you susceptible to judgement, sanctions ... The term gender is formally defined as: a) the cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity. b) being a man or a woman. c) the biological category of male or female as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function. Race. -a socially defined category (social construct) -based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. -said to share a "common bloodline" but. -there is no real biological basis. Ethnicity. -socially defined category based on cultural heritage or shared history/ancestry.The term sexual orientation can be defined as: a- A term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sex, Gender, Gender roles and more. ... The characteristics that generally define gender are referred to as masculine or feminine. The formation of gender is controversial in many scientific fields, including psychology.Spoken by a person socially approved to do so, these words create a married couple. Butler argues that gender works in this way: when we name a child as “girl” or “boy”, we participate in ...Study skills are defined as strategies and methods to efficiently manage learning. Study skills consist of time management strategies, note taking and active listening abilities, a...The term doing gender can be defined as: A. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Why must data-collection methods be objective? A. Data must be collected in the same way throughout the study. B. The researcher must clearly define each dependent variable. C. Data must not be influenced by the people collecting data. D. Every …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The process through which individuals learn the gender norms of their society and come to develop an internal gender identity is known as:, The sets of rules for what is appropriate masculine and feminine behavior in a given culture are known as:, The way in which being feminine or …The term doing gender can be defined as: A. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a ...The term sexual orientation can be defined as? a. A person's biological gender. b. A person's deeply held attitudes and beliefs about sex. c. A phase which a ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Chapter 7, social control, ... doing gender. the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ... The term doing gender can be defined as: When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, ...Did you know that there isn't just one gender gap? Get the stats on women and investing and learn how to change the gender investment gap. The news has been rife with stories about...On Wednesday, April 20, 2022, musician and artist Janelle Monáe shared that they’re nonbinary. But sex and gender identity are separate entities. “Sex” is a term for differentiatin...•evolutionary theories •brain research (brain plasticity+mutability) -female and male brains are different, but females can train their brains! • hormone research (feedback loop)-people act because of hormones (everyone has estrogen and testosterone) • genetics (sex linked, sex limited, sex influenced traits) -genotype: our unique set of genes. ...Nathan and Olivia have both demonstrated the importance of __________ in society. d. Gender rules. How does one "do gender" in society? a. Doing gender means that we passively obey, and also break, gender rules. The __________ model of socialization suggests that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered …a. Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females. b. Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is …Experience a new era of AI-enhanced learning. Quizlet is more than flashcards: it’s the #1 global learning platform. Join our community of 300 million learners using Quizlet’s practice tests, Expert Solutions and AI-powered tools to improve their grades and reach their goals.the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female. (e.g. recognisable as masculinity and femininity).Your support could make all the difference to a young trans, nonbinary, or gender-questioning person in your life. Here's how. Family acceptance is still a major issue for many tra... In sociology and gender studies, " doing gender " is the idea that gender, rather than being an innate quality of individuals, is a social construct that actively surfaces in everyday human interaction. This term was used by Candace West and Don Zimmerman in their article " Doing Gender ", published in 1987 in Gender and Society. [1] A. The problem with depicting masculinity and femininity as natural, biological phenomena is that it: A) shows that femininity is considered more ideal than masculinity. B) supports panethnic labeling. C) discourages doing gender. D) confuses sex with gender. D. Most of the time, institutional discrimination is: Terms in this set (22) Deviance. -A behavior, trait, or belief that violates a norm and generates a negative sanction. - A behavior, trait, or belief that violates a norm that is accepted by the majority of society. - Ideas about what deviance is, and how to respond to it, varies across cultural, historical, and situational contexts.The geology terms channel defines the many processes and occurrences involved with the Earth.. Check out articles with geology terms here at HowStuffW Advertisement Geology terms h...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is sex category, and why is concept necessary?, What does it mean to say that we 'do gender'? how they define gender; 'accountability' and 'resources'; relationship among individuals, institutions, and interactions; the relationship between gender difference and power, West & … The term doing gender can be defined as: Select one: a.The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. b.When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. c.The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. d.Dating a member of the same sex to make a ... 12.2 Gender. Children become aware of gender roles in their earliest years, and they come to understand and perform these roles. through socialization, which occurs through four major agents: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Socialization into narrowly prescribed gender roles results in the stratification of …On Wednesday, April 20, 2022, musician and artist Janelle Monáe shared that they’re nonbinary. But sex and gender identity are separate entities. “Sex” is a term for differentiatin...people who break gender rules. Compulsory heterosexuality can be defined as. a rule that all men be attracted to women and all women be attracted to men. Ageism is a form of prejudice that. equates the signs of aging with decreased social value. In the United States, Asian American men became stereotyped as less masculine than white men as a ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is sex category, and why is concept necessary?, What does it mean to say that we 'do gender'? how they define gender; 'accountability' and 'resources'; relationship among individuals, institutions, and interactions; the relationship between gender difference and power, West & …One's biological category, male or female, based on anatomy and physiology. Sexual identity. The recognition, or internalization, of a biological sex category. Gender. The social realization of biological sex. Gender identity. The identification with the social category boy/man or girl/woman. Gender expression.doing gender. performances appear to be an expression. doing gender. gender is omnirelevant ... what're the enduring consequences of this socialization? Sets with similar terms. Psychology Chapter 16 Q&A. 12 terms. tyadams98. Feeding on fantasy 2b. 16 terms. Henrik_Arvedsen1. ... Other Quizlet sets. SOC Chapter 9. 17 terms. ridgeways. …the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves. DOMA Defense of Marriage Act, a 1906 US law explicitly limiting the definition of marriage to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual stae to recognize or deny same sex marriages performed in other states.12.2 Gender. Children become aware of gender roles in their earliest years, and they come to understand and perform these roles. through socialization, which occurs through four major agents: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Socialization into narrowly prescribed gender roles results in the stratification of …Did you know that there isn't just one gender gap? Get the stats on women and investing and learn how to change the gender investment gap. The news has been rife with stories about...Nathan and Olivia have both demonstrated the importance of __________ in society. d. Gender rules. How does one "do gender" in society? a. Doing gender means that we passively obey, and also break, gender rules. The __________ model of socialization suggests that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered …The term sexual orientation can be defined as: A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex. The term sexuality is defined by the text as: A person's capacity for sexual feelings. Jenny is given a doll for her 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender:Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the first agent of socialization?, When Jeanette's parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. When they found out Jeanette has been sexually active, they ground her for a month. This is an example of: a. A double standard b. A …one identifies as being either masculine or feminine. Jenny is given a doll for 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an. example of gender: Socialization. When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate. group. The term "doing gender" can be defined as: B When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. When Wendy's sorority sisters discover that Wendy is a lesbian, they hold a secret meeting to decide if Wendy should still be allowed to pledge. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The term sexuality is defined by the text as:, Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After World War II, changes in the family structure … Sex- determination made by applying a socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying people as either male or female. Sex Category- Based upon application of sex criteria, but also by socially required displays that claim membership to one or another. Transvestites, cross-dressers, etc. Gender- Activity of managing conduct in light of ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following accurately describes the terms sex and gender?, The biological distinction between males and females is called, The assumption that women can wear makeup but men are discouraged from doing so is based on ________ expectations. and more. Nathan and Olivia have both demonstrated the importance of __________ in society. d. Gender rules. How does one "do gender" in society? a. Doing gender means that we passively obey, and also break, gender rules. The __________ model of socialization suggests that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered … The term doing gender can be defined as: a. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. b. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. c. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. d. Dating a member of the same sex to make a ... May 11, 2022 · The term doing gender can be defined as: A) The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B) When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C) The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. India's largest unicorn, Paytm, which filed its pre-IPO documents with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) on July 16, has only one female director alongside seven me...The term doing gender can be defined as: When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. None of the other answers are correct. Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements.Nathan and Olivia have both demonstrated the importance of __________ in society. d. Gender rules. How does one "do gender" in society? a. Doing gender means that we passively obey, and also break, gender rules. The __________ model of socialization suggests that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered …Your support could make all the difference to a young trans, nonbinary, or gender-questioning person in your life. Here's how. Family acceptance is still a major issue for many tra...Doing gender. arrangement between sexes. Creating difference between boy and girl and woman and man, differences that are not natural, essential, biological once it constructed they reinforce the "essentialness" of gender. Gender play. …The term sexual orientation can be defined as: A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex. The term sexuality is defined by the text as: A person's capacity for sexual feelings. Jenny is given a doll for her 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender:The doing gender perspective assumes a widespread and deeply held belief in our society that women are both different from and inferior to men. This shapes the ...12.2 Gender. Children become aware of gender roles in their earliest years, and they come to understand and perform these roles. through socialization, which occurs through four major agents: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Socialization into narrowly prescribed gender roles results in the stratification of …Nathan and Olivia have both demonstrated the importance of __________ in society. d. Gender rules. How does one "do gender" in society? a. Doing gender means that we passively obey, and also break, gender rules. The __________ model of socialization suggests that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gendered …The term doing gender can be defined as: a. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. b. When people perform tasks based upon the gender …Doing gender. arrangement between sexes. Creating difference between boy and girl and woman and man, differences that are not natural, essential, biological once it constructed they reinforce the "essentialness" of gender. Gender play. …concerns how one feels internally about one's own gender. This is a generated sense of self that come from within and may or may not match one's assigned at ...Based on this statement, we can conclude that women who: are above-average in anxiety are also likely to be above-average in menstrual pain. According to your text, group comparisons of self-esteem suggest that: gender differences in self-esteem are relatively small for Black Americans compared to White Americans.On Wednesday, April 20, 2022, musician and artist Janelle Monáe shared that they’re nonbinary. But sex and gender identity are separate entities. “Sex” is a term for differentiatin...Judith Lorber in her article on social construction of gender argues that gender: A) Is determined genetically by features we had inherited from our parents. B) Is determined biologically by features we had inherited from our ancestors, including other primate species. C) Is constantly created & recreated in human interaction.****. 5) Bi-gender. Transsexual. Person who identifies oneself as member of opp biological sex. * usually feels that BOTH true sex and gender identity don't match one's assigned/ bio. sex. * May be of any sex orientation. Androgynous. * Gender identity may incorporate aspects of both genders or neither. * refers to ppl who don't fit easily into one ... This test is designed to help you find more information about whether you may be experiencing a disconnect between gender identity and the sex assigned to you at birth. This quiz c...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How do the authors define gender? Is this a social constructionist or essentialist argument? How do you know?, According to the authors, if we observe an individual "doing gender" (or doing gender incorrectly), how do we interpret her/his actions? Why?, What lessons do the authors … refers to the social and psychological characteristics associated with being female or male. (emotional, aggressive) Gender identity. A persons internal psychological self-concept of being either female or male or a combination of both. Gender expression. concerns how we express ourselves to others in ways related to gender that include both ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the difference between sex and gender, True or false: A person sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her, The term sexual orientation to be defined as and more. ... The term doing gender can be defined as. People perform task ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In 2010, what did controversial Senate Bill 1070 propose, causing a series of protests and legal battles?, The 1967 Supreme Court case Loving v. ... The term doing gender can be defined as ____. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in ...The doing gender perspective assumes a widespread and deeply held belief in our society that women are both different from and inferior to men. This shapes the ...Around 1.3 billion women around the world live “largely outside the formal financial system”—and that's a huge barrier to female empowerment. It’s hard to deny the presence of gend...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like a case study, Observing study participants without their consent, Secondary data analysis and more. ... The term doing gender can be defined as: A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday.The term doing gender can be defined as: Select one: a.The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. b.When people perform tasks based upon the … Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Why do functionalist theorist argue that gender inequality is inevitable?, Debbie (she/her) and Mac (he/him) have the same job and the same amount of experience and credentials. However, Mac is given tasks that require more manual labor than Debbie. This is an example of what concept?, t or f Religious ideologies can define and ... Doing Gender Candace West; Don H. Zimmerman Gender and Society, Vol. 1, No. 2. (Jun., 1987), ... Goffman's (1976) terminology. Both gender role and gender display . West,Zimmerman / DOING GENDER 127 ... views women and men as naturally and unequivocally defined . 128 GENDER & SOCIETY / June1987 …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Ethics can be defined as the study of:, Business ethics does NOT focus on:, In the theory of profit _____, resources flow to where they are _____ by society, allowing businesses to focus on their _____. and more. 12.2 Gender. Children become aware of gender roles in their earliest years, and they come to understand and perform these roles. through socialization, which occurs through four major agents: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Socialization into narrowly prescribed gender roles results in the stratification of males and females. Gender. ______ can be defined as the differences in status, power, and prestige of women and men in groups, collectives, and societies. Gender inequality.In sociology and gender studies, "doing gender" is the idea that gender, rather than being an innate quality of individuals, is a social construct that actively surfaces in everyday human interaction. This term was used by Candace West and Don Zimmerman in their article "Doing Gender", published in 1987 in Gender and Society. According to this paper, an …"Doing gender means creating differences between girl and boys and women and men." These differences are socially constructed and reconstructed through everyday …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In class, we contrasted two similar terms, sex and gender. Which of the following research topics involves the study of sex, rather than gender?, Which of the following statements is correct about the distinction between the words sex and gender, Which of the following students has the …The term doing gender can be defined as: A. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a ...Updated on April 18, 2018. The sociology of gender is one of the largest subfields within sociology and features theory and research that critically interrogates the social construction of gender, how gender interacts with other social forces in society, and how gender relates to social structure overall. Sociologists within this subfield study ...Updated on April 18, 2018. The sociology of gender is one of the largest subfields within sociology and features theory and research that critically interrogates the social construction of gender, how gender interacts with other social forces in society, and how gender relates to social structure overall. Sociologists within this subfield study ..."Doing gender means creating differences between girl and boys and women and men." These differences are socially constructed and reconstructed through everyday … The term doing gender can be defined as: A) The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B) Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement. C) The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The process through which individuals learn the gender norms of their society and come to develop an internal gender identity is known as:, The sets of rules for what is appropriate masculine and feminine behavior in a given culture are known as:, …concerns how one feels internally about one's own gender. This is a generated sense of self that come from within and may or may not match one's assigned at ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What group defines themselves through a rejection of the mainstream: - Beatniks - Hepcats - Hipsters - Hippies, Society and culture _____. - Could not exist without each other - Are unrelated - Are the same thing - Could not exist together, Elise travels across …The term sexuality is defined by the text as:a) An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine.b) The repressed sexual inclinations of society as a whole.c) An individual's biological gender.d) A person's capacity for sexual feelings. d) A person's capacity for sexual feelings. Gender Dysphoria is:a) A form of homophobiab) A form ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between men and women: A) Gender B) Sex C) Sexuality D) Sexual orientation, About 1.7 percent of babies are born with "anomolies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia …Did you know that there isn't just one gender gap? Get the stats on women and investing and learn how to change the gender investment gap. The news has been rife with stories about...the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves. DOMA Defense of Marriage Act, a 1906 US law explicitly limiting the definition of marriage to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual stae to recognize or deny same sex marriages performed in other states.Experience a new era of AI-enhanced learning. Quizlet is more than flashcards: it’s the #1 global learning platform. Join our community of 300 million learners using Quizlet’s practice tests, Expert Solutions and AI-powered tools to improve their grades and reach their goals.The term doing gender can be defined as: A. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a ...3 primary premises of the symbolic interaction theory. 1. Our actions are based on the meaning we give to situations, events, people, etc. An individual develops a self that has two parts. The "me" that consists of objective qualities and the "I" that is the subjective awareness of self.The Legalese of Sex and Gender. The terms sex and gender have not always been differentiated in the English language. It was not until the 1950s that U.S. and British psychologists and other professionals formally began distinguishing between sex and gender. Since then, professionals have increasingly used the term gender (Moi 2005). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, refers to behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being male or female, his or her physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex and more. Gender. ______ can be defined as the differences in status, power, and prestige of women and men in groups, collectives, and societies. Gender inequality.Sex- determination made by applying a socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying people as either male or female. Sex Category- Based upon application of sex criteria, but also by socially required displays that claim membership to one or another. Transvestites, cross-dressers, etc. Gender- Activity of managing conduct in light of ... | Cidwqqagixzw (article) | Mrsja.